(a)
When an inspection, copying, testing, or sampling of documents, tangible things, places, or electronically stored information has been demanded, the party to whom the demand has been directed, and any other party or affected person, may promptly move for a protective order. This motion shall be accompanied by a meet and confer declaration under Section 2016.040.
(b)
The court, for good cause shown, may make any order that justice requires to protect any party or other person from unwarranted annoyance, embarrassment, or oppression, or undue burden and expense. This protective order may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following directions:
(1)
That all or some of the items or categories of items in the demand need not be produced or made available at all.
(2)
That the time specified in Section 2031.260 to respond to the set of demands, or to a particular item or category in the set, be extended.
(3)
That the place of production be other than that specified in the demand.
(4)
That the inspection, copying, testing, or sampling be made only on specified terms and conditions.
(5)
That a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be
disclosed, or be disclosed only to specified persons or only in a specified way.
(6)
That the items produced be sealed and thereafter opened only on order of the court.
(c)
The party or affected person who seeks a protective order regarding the production, inspection, copying, testing, or sampling of electronically stored information on the basis that the information is from a source that is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense shall bear the burden of demonstrating that the information is from a source that is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense.
(d)
If the party or affected person from whom discovery of electronically stored information is sought establishes that the information is from a source that is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense,
the court may nonetheless order discovery if the demanding party shows good cause, subject to any limitations imposed under subdivision (f).
(e)
If the court finds good cause for the production of electronically stored information from a source that is not reasonably accessible, the court may set conditions for the discovery of the electronically stored information, including allocation of the expense of discovery.
(f)
The court shall limit the frequency or extent of discovery of electronically stored information, even from a source that is reasonably accessible, if the court determines that any of the following conditions exist:
(1)
It is possible to obtain the information from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive.
(2)
The discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative.
(3)
The party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity by discovery in the action to obtain the information sought.
(4)
The likely burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs the likely benefit, taking into account the amount in controversy, the resources of the parties, the importance of the issues in the litigation, and the importance of the requested discovery in resolving the issues.
(g)
If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in part, the court may order that the party to whom the demand was directed provide or permit the discovery against which protection was sought on terms and conditions that are just.
(h)
Except as provided in
subdivision (i), the court shall impose a monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 2023.010) against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion for a protective order, unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.
(i)
(1)
Notwithstanding subdivision (h), absent exceptional circumstances, the court shall not impose sanctions on a party or any attorney of a party for failure to provide electronically stored information that has been lost, damaged, altered, or overwritten as the result of the routine, good faith operation of an electronic information system.
(2)
This subdivision shall not be construed to alter any obligation to preserve discoverable
information.
