OPERATION AND MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES

Tex. TRANSP Code ch. 545
in effect

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.001. DEFINITIONS.

In this chapter: (1) "On-track equipment" means any car, rolling stock, equipment, or other device that, alone or coupled to another device, is operated on a railroad track. (2) "Pass" or "passing" used in reference to a vehicle means: (A) to: (i) overtake and proceed past another vehicle moving in the same direction as the passing vehicle; and (ii) return to the original lane of travel; or (B) to attempt the maneuver described by Paragraph (A). (3) "School bus" includes a multifunction school activity bus.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.002. OPERATOR.

In this chapter, a reference to an operator includes a reference to the vehicle operated by the operator if the reference imposes a duty or provides a limitation on the movement or other operation of that vehicle. SUBCHAPTER B. DRIVING ON RIGHT SIDE OF ROADWAY AND PASSING

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.051. DRIVING ON RIGHT SIDE OF ROADWAY.

(a) An operator on a roadway of sufficient width shall drive on the right half of the roadway, unless: (1) the operator is passing another vehicle; (2) an obstruction necessitates moving the vehicle left of the center of the roadway and the operator yields the right-of-way to a vehicle that: (A) is moving in the proper direction on the unobstructed portion of the roadway; and (B) is an immediate hazard; (3) the operator is on a roadway divided into three marked lanes for traffic; or (4) the operator is on a roadway restricted to one-way traffic. (b) An operator of a vehicle on a roadway moving more slowly than the normal speed of other vehicles at the time and place under the existing conditions shall drive in the right-hand lane available for vehicles, or as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway, unless the operator is: (1) passing another vehicle; or (2) preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway. (c) An operator on a roadway having four or more lanes for moving vehicles and providing for two-way movement of vehicles may not drive left of the center line of the roadway except: (1) as authorized by an official traffic-control device designating a specified lane to the left side of the center of the roadway for use by a vehicle not otherwise permitted to use the lane; (2) under the conditions described by Subsection (a)(2); or (3) in crossing the center line to make a left turn into or out of an alley, private road, or driveway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.052. DRIVING PAST VEHICLE MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

An operator moving in the opposite direction of the movement of another operator shall: (1) move to or remain to the right; and (2) on a roadway wide enough for not more than one line of vehicle movement in each direction, give the other operator: (A) at least one-half of the main traveled portion of the roadway; or (B) if complying with Paragraph (A) is not possible, as much of the roadway as possible.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.053. PASSING TO THE LEFT; RETURN; BEING PASSED.

(a) An operator passing another vehicle: (1) shall pass to the left of the other vehicle at a safe distance; and (2) may not move back to the right side of the roadway until safely clear of the passed vehicle. (b) An operator being passed by another vehicle: (1) shall, on audible signal, move or remain to the right in favor of the passing vehicle; and (2) may not accelerate until completely passed by the passing vehicle. (c) Subsection (b) does not apply when passing to the right is permitted.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.054. PASSING TO THE LEFT: SAFE DISTANCE.

(a) An operator may not drive on the left side of the center of the roadway in passing another vehicle unless: (1) driving on the left side of the center of the roadway is authorized by this subtitle; and (2) the left side is clearly visible and free of approaching traffic for a distance sufficient to permit passing without interfering with the operation of the passed vehicle or a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. (b) An operator passing another vehicle shall return to an authorized lane of travel: (1) before coming within 200 feet of an approaching vehicle, if a lane authorized for vehicles approaching from the opposite direction is used in passing; or otherwise (2) as soon as practicable.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.055. PASSING TO THE LEFT: PASSING ZONES.

(a) An operator shall obey the directions of a sign or marking in Subsection (c) or (d) if the sign or marking is in place and clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person. (b) An operator may not drive on the left side of the roadway in a no-passing zone or on the left side of any pavement striping designed to mark a no-passing zone. This subsection does not prohibit a driver from crossing pavement striping, or the center line in a no-passing zone marked by signs only, to make a left turn into or out of an alley or private road or driveway. (c) The Texas Transportation Commission, on a state highway under the jurisdiction of the commission, may: (1) determine those portions of the highway where passing or driving to the left of the roadway would be especially hazardous; and (2) show the beginning and end of each no-passing zone by appropriate signs or markings on the roadway. (d) A local authority, on a highway under the jurisdiction of the local authority, may: (1) determine those portions of the highway where passing or driving to the left of the roadway would be especially hazardous; and (2) show the beginning and end of each no-passing zone by appropriate signs or markings on the roadway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.056. DRIVING TO LEFT OF CENTER OF ROADWAY: LIMITATIONS OTHER THAN PASSING.

(a) An operator may not drive to the left side of the roadway if the operator is: (1) approaching within 100 feet of an intersection or railroad grade crossing in a municipality; (2) approaching within 100 feet of an intersection or railroad grade crossing outside a municipality and the intersection or crossing is shown by a sign or marking in accordance with Section 545.055 ; (3) approaching within 100 feet of a bridge, viaduct, or tunnel; or (4) awaiting access to a ferry operated by the Texas Transportation Commission. (b) The limitations in Subsection (a) do not apply: (1) on a one-way roadway; or (2) to an operator turning left into or from an alley or private road or driveway. (c) The Texas Transportation Commission shall post signs along the approach to a ferry operated by the commission notifying operators that passing is prohibited if there is a standing line of vehicles awaiting access to the ferry.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.057. PASSING TO THE RIGHT.

(a) An operator may pass to the right of another vehicle only if conditions permit safely passing to the right and: (1) the vehicle being passed is making or about to make a left turn; and (2) the operator is: (A) on a highway having unobstructed pavement not occupied by parked vehicles and sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in each direction; or (B) on a one-way street or on a roadway having traffic restricted to one direction of movement and the roadway is free from obstructions and wide enough for two or more lines of moving vehicles. (b) An operator may not pass to the right by leaving the main traveled portion of a roadway except as provided by Section 545.058 .

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.058. DRIVING ON IMPROVED SHOULDER.

(a) An operator may drive on an improved shoulder to the right of the main traveled portion of a roadway if that operation is necessary and may be done safely, but only: (1) to stop, stand, or park; (2) to accelerate before entering the main traveled lane of traffic; (3) to decelerate before making a right turn; (4) to pass another vehicle that is slowing or stopped on the main traveled portion of the highway, disabled, or preparing to make a left turn; (5) to allow another vehicle traveling faster to pass; (6) as permitted or required by an official traffic-control device; or (7) to avoid a collision. (b) An operator may drive on an improved shoulder to the left of the main traveled portion of a divided or limited-access or controlled-access highway if that operation may be done safely, but only: (1) to slow or stop when the vehicle is disabled and traffic or other circumstances prohibit the safe movement of the vehicle to the shoulder to the right of the main traveled portion of the roadway; (2) as permitted or required by an official traffic-control device; or (3) to avoid a collision. (c) A limitation in this section on driving on an improved shoulder does not apply to: (1) an authorized emergency vehicle responding to a call; (2) a police patrol; (3) a bicycle; or (4) a slow-moving vehicle, as defined by Section 547.001 .

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.059. ONE-WAY ROADWAYS AND ROTARY TRAFFIC ISLANDS.

(a) The Texas Transportation Commission may designate a highway or separate roadway under the jurisdiction of the commission for one-way traffic and shall erect appropriate signs giving notice of the designation. (b) On a roadway that is designated and on which signs are erected for one-way traffic, an operator shall drive only in the direction indicated. (c) An operator moving around a rotary traffic island shall drive only to the right of the island.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.060. DRIVING ON ROADWAY LANED FOR TRAFFIC.

(a) An operator on a roadway divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic: (1) shall drive as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane; and (2) may not move from the lane unless that movement can be made safely. (b) If a roadway is divided into three lanes and provides for two-way movement of traffic, an operator on the roadway may not drive in the center lane except: (1) if passing another vehicle and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance; (2) in preparing to make a left turn; or (3) where the center lane is designated by an official traffic-control device for movement in the direction in which the operator is moving. (c) Without regard to the center of the roadway, an official traffic-control device may be erected directing slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane or designating lanes to be used by traffic moving in a particular direction. (d) Official traffic-control devices prohibiting the changing of lanes on sections of roadway may be installed.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.061. DRIVING ON MULTIPLE-LANE ROADWAY.

On a roadway divided into three or more lanes and providing for one-way movement of traffic, an operator entering a lane of traffic from a lane to the right shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle entering the same lane of traffic from a lane to the left.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.062. FOLLOWING DISTANCE.

(a) An operator shall, if following another vehicle, maintain an assured clear distance between the two vehicles so that, considering the speed of the vehicles, traffic, and the conditions of the highway, the operator can safely stop without colliding with the preceding vehicle or veering into another vehicle, object, or person on or near the highway. (b) An operator of a truck or of a motor vehicle drawing another vehicle who is on a roadway outside a business or residential district and who is following another truck or motor vehicle drawing another vehicle shall, if conditions permit, leave sufficient space between the vehicles so that a vehicle passing the operator can safely enter and occupy the space. This subsection does not prohibit a truck or a motor vehicle drawing another vehicle from passing another vehicle. (c) An operator on a roadway outside a business or residential district driving in a caravan of other vehicles or a motorcade shall allow sufficient space between the operator and the vehicle preceding the operator so that another vehicle can safely enter and occupy the space. This subsection does not apply to a funeral procession. (d) An operator of a vehicle equipped with a connected braking system that is following another vehicle equipped with that system may be assisted by the system to maintain an assured clear distance or sufficient space as required by this section. In this subsection, "connected braking system" means a system by which the braking of one vehicle is electronically coordinated with the braking system of a following vehicle.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.063. DRIVING ON DIVIDED HIGHWAY.

(a) On a highway having two or more roadways separated by a space, physical barrier, or clearly indicated dividing section constructed to impede vehicular traffic, an operator shall drive on the right roadway unless directed or permitted to use another roadway by an official traffic-control device or police officer. (b) An operator may not drive over, across, or in a dividing space, physical barrier, or section constructed to impede vehicular traffic except: (1) through an opening in the physical barrier or dividing section or space; or (2) at a crossover or intersection established by a public authority.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.064. RESTRICTED ACCESS.

An operator may not drive on or from a limited-access or controlled-access roadway except at an entrance or exit that is established by a public authority.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.065. STATE AND LOCAL REGULATION OF LIMITED-ACCESS OR CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAYS.

(a) The Texas Transportation Commission by resolution or order recorded in its minutes may prohibit the use of a limited-access or controlled-access highway under the jurisdiction of the commission by a parade, funeral procession, pedestrian, bicycle, electric bicycle, motorcycle equipped with a motor that has an engine piston displacement of 250 cubic centimeters or less, or nonmotorized traffic. (b) If the commission adopts a rule under Subsection (a), the commission shall erect and maintain official traffic-control devices on the portions of the limited-access or controlled-access highway to which the rule applies. (c) A local authority by ordinance may prohibit the use of a limited-access or controlled-access roadway under the jurisdiction of the authority by a parade, funeral procession, pedestrian, bicycle, electric bicycle, motorcycle equipped with a motor that has an engine piston displacement of 250 cubic centimeters or less, or nonmotorized traffic. (d) If a local authority adopts an ordinance under Subsection (c), the authority shall erect and maintain official traffic-control devices on the portions of the limited-access or controlled-access roadway to which the ordinance applies.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.066. PASSING A SCHOOL BUS; OFFENSE.

(a) An operator on a highway, when approaching from either direction a school bus stopped on the highway to receive or discharge a student: (1) shall stop before reaching the school bus when the bus is operating a visual signal as required by Section 547.701 ; and (2) may not proceed until: (A) the school bus resumes motion; (B) the operator is signaled by the bus driver to proceed; or (C) the visual signal is no longer actuated. (b) An operator on a highway having separate roadways is not required to stop: (1) for a school bus that is on a different roadway; or (2) if on a controlled-access highway, for a school bus that is stopped: (A) in a loading zone that is a part of or adjacent to the highway; and (B) where pedestrians are not permitted to cross the roadway. (c) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $500 or more than $1,250, except that the offense is: (1) a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $1,000 or more than $2,000 if the person is convicted of a second or subsequent offense under this section committed within five years of the date on which the most recent preceding offense was committed; (2) a Class A misdemeanor if the person causes serious bodily injury to another; or (3) a state jail felony if the person has been previously convicted under Subdivision (2). (d) The court may order that the driver's license of a person convicted of a second or subsequent offense under this section be suspended for not longer than six months beginning on the date of conviction. In this subsection, "driver's license" has the meaning assigned by Chapter 521 . (e) If a person does not pay the previously assessed fine or costs on a conviction under this section, or is determined by the court to have insufficient resources or income to pay a fine or costs on a conviction under this section, the court may order the person to perform community service. The court shall set the number of hours of service under this subsection. (f) For the purposes of this section: (1) a highway is considered to have separate roadways only if the highway has roadways separated by an intervening space on which operation of vehicles is not permitted, a physical barrier, or a clearly indicated dividing section constructed to impede vehicular traffic; and (2) a highway is not considered to have separate roadways if the highway has roadways separated only by a left turn lane. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 661 (H.B. 1174 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2013. SUBCHAPTER C. TURNING AND SIGNALS FOR STOPPING AND TURNING

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.101. TURNING AT INTERSECTION.

(a) To make a right turn at an intersection, an operator shall make both the approach and the turn as closely as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway. (b) To make a left turn at an intersection, an operator shall: (1) approach the intersection in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to a vehicle moving in the direction of the vehicle; and (2) after entering the intersection, turn left, leaving the intersection so as to arrive in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of the vehicle on the roadway being entered. (c) On a street or roadway designated for two-way traffic, the operator turning left shall, to the extent practicable, turn in the portion of the intersection to the left of the center of the intersection. (d) To turn left, an operator who is approaching an intersection having a roadway designated for one-way traffic and for which signs are posted from a roadway designated for one-way traffic and for which signs are posted shall make the turn as closely as practicable to the left-hand curb or edge of the roadway. (e) The Texas Transportation Commission or a local authority, with respect to a highway in its jurisdiction, may: (1) authorize the placement of an official traffic-control device in or adjacent to an intersection; and (2) require a course different from that specified in this section for movement by vehicles turning at an intersection.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.102. TURNING ON CURVE OR CREST OF GRADE.

An operator may not turn the vehicle to move in the opposite direction when approaching a curve or the crest of a grade if the vehicle is not visible to the operator of another vehicle approaching from either direction within 500 feet.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.103. SAFELY TURNING.

An operator may not turn the vehicle to enter a private road or driveway, otherwise turn the vehicle from a direct course, or move right or left on a roadway unless movement can be made safely.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.104. SIGNALING TURNS; USE OF TURN SIGNALS.

(a) An operator shall use the signal authorized by Section 545.106 to indicate an intention to turn, change lanes, or start from a parked position. (b) An operator intending to turn a vehicle right or left shall signal continuously for not less than the last 100 feet of movement of the vehicle before the turn. (c) An operator may not light the signals on only one side of the vehicle on a parked or disabled vehicle or use the signals as a courtesy or "do pass" signal to the operator of another vehicle approaching from the rear.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.105. SIGNALING STOPS.

An operator may not stop or suddenly decrease the speed of the vehicle without first giving a stop signal as provided by this subchapter to the operator of a vehicle immediately to the rear when there is an opportunity to give the signal.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.106. SIGNALS BY HAND AND ARM OR BY SIGNAL LAMP.

(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), an operator required to give a stop or turn signal shall do so by: (1) using the hand and arm; or (2) lighting signal lamps approved by the department. (b) A motor vehicle in use on a highway shall be equipped with signal lamps, and the required signal shall be given by lighting the lamps, if: (1) the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the left outside limit of the body, cab, or load of the motor vehicle is more than two feet; or (2) the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the rear limit of the body or load, including the body or load of a combination of vehicles, is more than 14 feet.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.107. METHOD OF GIVING HAND AND ARM SIGNALS.

An operator who is permitted to give a hand and arm signal shall give the signal from the left side of the vehicle as follows: (1) to make a left turn signal, extend hand and arm horizontally; (2) to make a right turn signal, extend hand and arm upward, except that a bicycle operator may signal from the right side of the vehicle with the hand and arm extended horizontally; and (3) to stop or decrease speed, extend hand and arm downward. SUBCHAPTER D. RIGHT-OF-WAY

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.151. VEHICLE APPROACHING OR ENTERING INTERSECTION.

(a) An operator approaching an intersection: (1) shall stop, yield, and grant immediate use of the intersection: (A) in obedience to an official traffic-control device, including a stop sign or yield right-of-way sign; or (B) if a traffic-control signal is present but does not display an indication in any of the signal heads; and (2) after stopping, may proceed when the intersection can be safely entered without interference or collision with traffic using a different street or roadway. (b) An operator on a single-lane or two-lane street or roadway who approaches an intersection that is not controlled by an official traffic-control device and that is located on a divided highway or on a street or roadway divided into three or more marked traffic lanes: (1) shall stop, yield, and grant immediate use of the intersection to a vehicle on the other street or roadway that is within the intersection or approaching the intersection in such proximity as to be a hazard; and (2) after stopping, may proceed when the intersection can be safely entered without interference or collision with traffic using a different street or roadway. (c) An operator on an unpaved street or roadway approaching an intersection of a paved street or roadway: (1) shall stop, yield, and grant immediate use of the intersection to a vehicle on the paved street or roadway that is within the intersection or approaching the intersection in such proximity as to be a hazard; and (2) after stopping, may proceed when the intersection can be safely entered without interference or collision with traffic using the paved street or roadway. (d) Except as provided in Subsection (e), an operator approaching an intersection of a street or roadway that is not controlled by an official traffic-control device: (1) shall stop, yield, and grant immediate use of the intersection to a vehicle that has entered the intersection from the operator's right or is approaching the intersection from the operator's right in a proximity that is a hazard; and (2) after stopping, may proceed when the intersection can be safely entered without interference or collision with traffic using a different street or roadway. (e) An operator approaching an intersection of a street or roadway from a street or roadway that terminates at the intersection and that is not controlled by an official traffic-control device or controlled as provided by Subsection (b) or (c): (1) shall stop, yield, and grant immediate use of the intersection to another vehicle that has entered the intersection from the other street or roadway or is approaching the intersection on the other street or roadway in a proximity that is a hazard; and (2) after stopping, may proceed when the intersection can be safely entered without interference or collision with the traffic using the other street or roadway. (f) An operator who is required by this section to stop and yield the right-of-way at an intersection to another vehicle and who is involved in a collision or interferes with other traffic at the intersection to whom right-of-way is to be given is presumed not to have yielded the right-of-way.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.152. VEHICLE TURNING LEFT.

To turn left at an intersection or into an alley or private road or driveway, an operator shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle that is approaching from the opposite direction and that is in the intersection or in such proximity to the intersection as to be an immediate hazard.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.153. VEHICLE ENTERING STOP OR YIELD INTERSECTION.

(a) Preferential right-of-way at an intersection may be indicated by a stop sign or yield sign as authorized in Section 544.003 . (b) Unless directed to proceed by a police officer or official traffic-control device, an operator approaching an intersection on a roadway controlled by a stop sign, after stopping as required by Section 544.010 , shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle that has entered the intersection from another highway or that is approaching so closely as to be an immediate hazard to the operator's movement in or across the intersection. (c) An operator approaching an intersection on a roadway controlled by a yield sign shall: (1) slow to a speed that is reasonable under the existing conditions; and (2) yield the right-of-way to a vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another highway so closely as to be an immediate hazard to the operator's movement in or across the intersection. (d) If an operator is required by Subsection (c) to yield and is involved in a collision with a vehicle in an intersection after the operator drove past a yield sign without stopping, the collision is prima facie evidence that the operator failed to yield the right-of-way.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.154. VEHICLE ENTERING OR LEAVING LIMITED-ACCESS OR CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY.

An operator on an access or feeder road of a limited-access or controlled-access highway shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle entering or about to enter the access or feeder road from the highway or leaving or about to leave the access or feeder road to enter the highway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.155. VEHICLE ENTERING HIGHWAY FROM PRIVATE ROAD OR DRIVEWAY.

An operator about to enter or cross a highway from an alley, building, or private road or driveway shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle approaching on the highway to be entered.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.156. VEHICLE APPROACHED BY AUTHORIZED EMERGENCY VEHICLE.

(a) This section applies only to: (1) an authorized emergency vehicle using audible and visual signals that meet the requirements of Sections 547.305 and 547.702 ; (2) a medical examiner vehicle, as defined by Section 547.751 , lawfully using a visual signal in accordance with that section; (3) a vehicle operated by a justice of the peace for a purpose described by Section 547.752 and lawfully using a visual signal in accordance with that section; and (4) a police vehicle lawfully using only an audible or visual signal. (a-1) On the immediate approach of a vehicle described by Subsection (a), an operator, unless otherwise directed by a police officer, shall: (1) yield the right-of-way; (2) immediately drive to a position parallel to and as close as possible to the right-hand edge or curb of the roadway clear of any intersection; and (3) stop and remain standing until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed. (b) This section does not exempt the operator of a vehicle described by Subsection (a) from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons using the highway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.157. PASSING CERTAIN VEHICLES.

(a) This section applies only to the following vehicles: (1) a stationary authorized emergency vehicle using visual signals that meet the requirements of Sections 547.305 and 547.702 ; (2) a stationary tow truck using equipment authorized by Section 547.305 (d); (3) a Texas Department of Transportation vehicle or a highway maintenance or construction vehicle operated pursuant to a contract awarded under Subchapter A , Chapter 223 , not separated from the roadway by a traffic control channelizing device and using visual signals that comply with the standards and specifications adopted under Section 547.105 ; (4) a service vehicle used by or for a utility, as defined by Section 203.091 , and using visual signals that comply with the standards and specifications adopted under Section 547.105 ; (5) a stationary vehicle used exclusively to transport municipal solid waste, as defined by Section 361.003 , Health and Safety Code, or recyclable material, as defined by Section 361.421 , Health and Safety Code, while being operated in connection with the removal or transportation of municipal solid waste or recyclable material from a location adjacent to the highway; (6) a vehicle operated by or pursuant to a contract with a toll project entity, as defined by Section 372.001 , using visual signals that comply with the standards and specifications adopted under Section 547.105 ; (7) a vehicle operated by an animal control officer, as defined by Section 829.001 , Health and Safety Code, for the purpose of removing an animal or animal carcass from a roadway, or an individual authorized to dispose of a carcass of an animal under Section 361.117 , Health and Safety Code, for the purpose of removing an animal carcass from a roadway, and using visual signals that comply with the standards and specifications adopted under Section 547.105 ; and (8) a vehicle operated by an employee of a local authority for the purpose of issuing a parking citation and using visual signals that comply with the standards and specifications adopted under Section 547.105 . (b) On approaching a vehicle described by Subsection (a), an operator, unless otherwise directed by a police officer, shall: (1) vacate the lane closest to the vehicle when driving on a highway with two or more lanes traveling in the direction of the vehicle; or (2) slow to a speed not to exceed: (A) 20 miles per hour less than the posted speed limit when the posted speed limit is 25 miles per hour or more; or (B) five miles per hour when the posted speed limit is less than 25 miles per hour. (c) A person who violates this section commits an offense. An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $500 or more than $1,250, except that the offense is: (1) a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $1,000 or more than $2,000 for a second or subsequent offense committed within five years of the date on which the most recent preceding offense was committed; (2) a Class A misdemeanor if the offense results in bodily injury to another; or (3) a state jail felony for a second or subsequent offense punishable under Subdivision (2). (d) If conduct constituting an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under another section of this code or the Penal Code, the actor may be prosecuted under either section or under both sections. (d-1) If it is shown on the trial of the offense that the person has previously been convicted of an offense under this section, on conviction the court may order the person's driver's license to be suspended for a period not to exceed six months. (d-2) The court may require a defendant who fails to pay a previously assessed fine or costs under this section, or who is determined by the court to have insufficient resources or income to pay a fine or costs under this section, to discharge all or part of the fine or costs assessed under this section by performing community service. (e) In this section: (1) "Tow truck" means a vehicle that: (A) has been issued a permit under Subchapter C , Chapter 2308 , Occupations Code; and (B) is operated by a person licensed under Subchapter D , Chapter 2308 , Occupations Code. (2) "Traffic control channelizing device" means equipment used to warn and alert drivers of conditions created by work activities in or near the traveled way, to protect workers in a temporary traffic control zone, and to guide drivers and pedestrians safely. The term includes a traffic cone, tubular marker, vertical panel, drum, barricade, temporary raised island, concrete or cable barrier, guardrail, or channelizer. Added by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 327, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2003. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 229 (H.B. 378 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 6 (S.B. 510 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2013. SUBCHAPTER E. STREETCARS

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.201. PASSING STREETCAR TO LEFT.

(a) An operator may not pass to the left or drive on the left side of a streetcar moving in the same direction, even if the streetcar is temporarily at rest, unless the operator: (1) is directed to do so by a police officer; (2) is on a one-way street; or (3) is on a street on which the location of the tracks prevents compliance with this section. (b) An operator when lawfully passing to the left of a streetcar that has stopped to receive or discharge a passenger: (1) shall reduce speed; (2) may proceed only on exercising due caution for pedestrians; and (3) shall accord a pedestrian the right-of-way as required by this subtitle.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.202. PASSING STREETCAR TO RIGHT.

(a) An operator passing to the right of a streetcar stopped or about to stop to receive or discharge a passenger shall: (1) stop the vehicle at least five feet to the rear of the nearest running board or door of the streetcar; and (2) remain standing until all passengers have entered the streetcar or, on leaving, have reached a place of safety. (b) An operator is not required to stop before passing a streetcar to the right if a safety zone has been established and may proceed past the streetcar at a reasonable speed and with due caution for the safety of pedestrians.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.203. DRIVING ON STREETCAR TRACKS.

(a) An operator on a streetcar track in front of a streetcar shall move the operator's vehicle off the track as soon as possible after a signal from the operator of the streetcar. (b) An operator may not drive on or cross a streetcar track in an intersection in front of a streetcar crossing the intersection. (c) An operator who is passing a streetcar may not turn in front of the streetcar so as to interfere with or impede its movement.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.204. STREETCAR APPROACHED BY AUTHORIZED EMERGENCY VEHICLE.

(a) On the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle using audible and visual signals that meet the requirements of Sections 547.305 and 547.702 , or of a police vehicle lawfully using only an audible signal, the operator of a streetcar shall immediately stop the streetcar clear of any intersection and remain there until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed, unless otherwise directed by a police officer. (b) This section does not exempt the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons using the highway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.205. CROSSING FIRE HOSE.

An operator of a streetcar may not, without the consent of the fire department official in command, drive over an unprotected hose of a fire department when the hose is on a streetcar track and intended for use at a fire or alarm of fire.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.206. OBSTRUCTION OF OPERATOR'S VIEW OR DRIVING MECHANISM.

A passenger in a streetcar may not ride in a position that interferes with the operator's view ahead or to the side or with control over the driving mechanism of the streetcar. SUBCHAPTER F. SPECIAL STOPS AND SPEED RESTRICTIONS

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.251. OBEDIENCE TO SIGNAL INDICATING APPROACH OF TRAIN OR OTHER ON-TRACK EQUIPMENT.

(a) An operator approaching a railroad grade crossing shall stop not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail if: (1) a clearly visible railroad signal warns of the approach of a railroad train or other on-track equipment; (2) a crossing gate is lowered, or a flagger warns of the approach or passage of a train or other on-track equipment; (3) a railroad engine or other on-track equipment approaching within approximately 1,500 feet of the highway crossing emits a signal audible from that distance and the engine or other equipment is an immediate hazard because of its speed or proximity to the crossing; (4) an approaching railroad train or other on-track equipment is plainly visible to the operator and is in hazardous proximity to the crossing; or (5) the operator is required to stop by: (A) other law; (B) a rule adopted under a statute; (C) an official traffic-control device; or (D) a traffic-control signal. (b) An operator of a vehicle required by Subsection (a) to stop shall remain stopped until permitted to proceed and it is safe to proceed. (c) An operator of a vehicle who approaches a railroad grade crossing equipped with railroad crossbuck signs without automatic, electric, or mechanical signal devices, crossing gates, or a flagger warning of the approach or passage of a train or other on-track equipment shall yield the right-of-way to a train or other on-track equipment in hazardous proximity to the crossing, and proceed at a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions. If required for safety, the operator shall stop at a clearly marked stop line before the grade crossing or, if no stop line exists, not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail. (d) An operator commits an offense if the operator drives around, under, or through a crossing gate or a barrier at a railroad crossing while the gate or barrier is closed, being closed, or being opened. (e) In a prosecution under this section, proof that at the time of the offense a train or other on-track equipment was in hazardous proximity to the crossing and that the train or other equipment was plainly visible to the operator is prima facie evidence that it was not safe for the operator to proceed. (f) An offense under this section is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200, except that the offense is punishable by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $400 if it is shown on the trial of the offense that the operator disregarded a warning given by a flagger under Subsection (a)(2).

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.252. ALL VEHICLES TO STOP AT CERTAIN RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS.

(a) The Texas Department of Transportation or a local authority, with respect to a highway in its jurisdiction, may: (1) designate a railroad grade crossing as particularly dangerous; and (2) erect a stop sign or other official traffic-control device at the grade crossing. (b) An operator approaching a stop sign or other official traffic-control device that requires a stop and that is erected under Subsection (a) shall stop not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad and may proceed only with due care. (c) The costs of installing and maintaining a mechanically operated grade crossing safety device, gate, sign, or signal erected under this section shall be apportioned and paid on the same percentage ratio and in the same proportionate amounts by this state and all participating political subdivisions of this state as costs are apportioned and paid between the state and the United States. (d) An offense under this section is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.253. BUSES TO STOP AT ALL RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS.

(a) Except as provided by Subsection (c), the operator of a motor bus carrying passengers for hire, before crossing a railroad grade crossing: (1) shall stop the vehicle not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad; (2) while stopped, shall listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train or other on-track equipment and signals indicating the approach of a train or other on-track equipment; and (3) may not proceed until it is safe to do so. (b) After stopping as required by Subsection (a), an operator described by Subsection (a) shall proceed without manually shifting gears while crossing the track. (c) A vehicle is not required to stop at the crossing if a police officer or a traffic-control signal directs traffic to proceed. (d) This section does not apply at a railway grade crossing in a business or residence district. (e) An offense under this section is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.254. VEHICLES CARRYING EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES OR FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS.

(a) Before crossing a railroad grade crossing, an operator of a vehicle that has an explosive substance or flammable liquid as the vehicle's principal cargo and that is moving at a speed of more than 20 miles per hour: (1) shall reduce the speed of the vehicle to 20 miles per hour or less before coming within 200 feet of the nearest rail of the railroad; (2) shall listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train or other on-track equipment and for signals indicating the approach of a train or other on-track equipment; and (3) may not proceed until the operator determines that the course is clear. (b) The operator of a vehicle that has an explosive substance or flammable liquid as the vehicle's principal cargo, before crossing a railroad grade crossing on a highway in a municipality: (1) shall stop the vehicle not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad; (2) while stopped, shall listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train or other on-track equipment and for signals indicating the approach of a train or other on-track equipment; and (3) may not proceed until the operator determines that the course is clear. (c) Subsections (a) and (b) do not apply: (1) if a police officer, crossing flagger, or traffic-control signal directs traffic to proceed; (2) where a railroad flashing signal is installed and does not indicate an approaching train or other on-track equipment; (3) to an abandoned or exempted grade crossing that is clearly marked by or with the consent of the state, if the markings can be read from the operator's location; (4) at a streetcar crossing in a business or residential district of a municipality; or (5) to a railroad track used exclusively for industrial switching purposes in a business district. (d) This section does not exempt the operator from compliance with Section 545.251 or 545.252 . (e) An offense under this section is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.255. MOVING HEAVY EQUIPMENT AT RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS.

(a) This section applies only to: (1) a crawler-type tractor, steam shovel, derrick, or roller; and (2) any other equipment or structure with: (A) a normal operating speed of 10 miles per hour or less; or (B) a vertical body or load clearance of less than one-half inch per foot of the distance between two adjacent axles or less than nine inches measured above the level surface of a roadway. (b) An operator of a vehicle or equipment may not move on or across a track at a railroad grade crossing unless the operator has given notice to a station agent of the railroad and given the railroad reasonable time to provide proper protection at the crossing. (c) To move a vehicle or equipment on or across a track at a railroad grade crossing, the operator: (1) shall stop the vehicle or equipment not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad; (2) while stopped, shall listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train or other on-track equipment and for signals indicating the approach of a train or other on-track equipment; and (3) may not proceed until it is safe to cross the track. (d) An operator of a vehicle or equipment may not cross a railroad grade crossing when warning of the immediate approach of a railroad car, train, or other on-track equipment is given by automatic signal, crossing gates, a flagger, or otherwise. If a flagger is provided by the railroad, the operator shall move the vehicle or equipment over the crossing at the flagger's direction. (e) An offense under this section is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.256. EMERGING FROM AN ALLEY, DRIVEWAY, OR BUILDING.

An operator emerging from an alley, driveway, or building in a business or residence district shall: (1) stop the vehicle before moving on a sidewalk or the sidewalk area extending across an alley or driveway; (2) yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian or sidewalk user to avoid collision; and (3) on entering the roadway, yield the right-of-way to an approaching vehicle. SUBCHAPTER G. STOPPING, STANDING, AND PARKING

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.301. STOPPING, STANDING, OR PARKING OUTSIDE A BUSINESS OR RESIDENCE DISTRICT.

(a) An operator may not stop, park, or leave standing an attended or unattended vehicle on the main traveled part of a highway outside a business or residence district unless: (1) stopping, parking, or leaving the vehicle off the main traveled part of the highway is not practicable; (2) a width of highway beside the vehicle is unobstructed and open for the passage of other vehicles; and (3) the vehicle is in clear view for at least 200 feet in each direction on the highway. (b) This section does not apply to an operator of: (1) a vehicle that is disabled while on the paved or main traveled part of a highway if it is impossible to avoid stopping and temporarily leaving the vehicle on the highway; (2) a vehicle used exclusively to transport solid, semisolid, or liquid waste operated at the time in connection with the removal or transportation of solid, semisolid, or liquid waste from a location adjacent to the highway; or (3) a tow truck, as defined by Section 545.157 (e), that is performing towing duties under Chapter 2308 , Occupations Code. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 782 (S.B. 1093 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 229 (H.B. 378 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 6 (S.B. 510 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.302. STOPPING, STANDING, OR PARKING PROHIBITED IN CERTAIN PLACES.

(a) An operator may not stop, stand, or park a vehicle: (1) on the roadway side of a vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street; (2) on a sidewalk; (3) in an intersection; (4) on a crosswalk; (5) between a safety zone and the adjacent curb or within 30 feet of a place on the curb immediately opposite the ends of a safety zone, unless the governing body of a municipality designates a different length by signs or markings; (6) alongside or opposite a street excavation or obstruction if stopping, standing, or parking the vehicle would obstruct traffic; (7) on a bridge or other elevated structure on a highway or in a highway tunnel; (8) on a railroad track; or (9) where an official sign prohibits stopping. (b) An operator may not, except momentarily to pick up or discharge a passenger, stand or park an occupied or unoccupied vehicle: (1) in front of a public or private driveway; (2) within 15 feet of a fire hydrant; (3) within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection; (4) within 30 feet on the approach to a flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign, or traffic-control signal located at the side of a roadway; (5) within 20 feet of the driveway entrance to a fire station and on the side of a street opposite the entrance to a fire station within 75 feet of the entrance, if the entrance is properly marked with a sign; or (6) where an official sign prohibits standing. (c) An operator may not, except temporarily to load or unload merchandise or passengers, park an occupied or unoccupied vehicle: (1) within 50 feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing; or (2) where an official sign prohibits parking. (d) A person may stop, stand, or park a bicycle on a sidewalk if the bicycle does not impede the normal and reasonable movement of pedestrian or other traffic on the sidewalk. (e) A municipality may adopt an ordinance exempting a private vehicle operated by an elevator constructor responding to an elevator emergency from Subsections (a)(1), (a)(5), (a)(6), (a)(9), (b), and (c). (f) Subsections (a), (b), and (c) do not apply if the avoidance of conflict with other traffic is necessary or if the operator is complying with the law or the directions of a police officer or official traffic-control device. (g) If the governing body of a municipality determines that it is necessary to improve the economic development of the municipality's central business district and that it will not adversely affect public safety, the governing body may adopt an ordinance regulating the standing, stopping, or parking of a vehicle at a place described by Subsection (a)(1), other than a road or highway in the state highway system, in the central business district of the municipality as defined in the ordinance. To the extent of any conflict between the ordinance and Subsection (a)(1), the ordinance controls.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.303. ADDITIONAL PARKING REGULATIONS.

(a) An operator who stops or parks on a two-way roadway shall do so with the right-hand wheels of the vehicle parallel to and within 18 inches of the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway. (b) An operator who stops or parks on a one-way roadway shall stop or park the vehicle parallel to the curb or edge of the roadway in the direction of authorized traffic movement with the right-hand wheels within 18 inches of the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway or the left-hand wheels within 18 inches of the left-hand curb or edge of the roadway. This subsection does not apply where a local ordinance otherwise regulates stopping or parking on the one-way roadway. (c) A local authority by ordinance may permit angle parking on a roadway. This subsection does not apply to a federal-aid or state highway unless the director of the Texas Department of Transportation determines that the roadway is wide enough to permit angle parking without interfering with the free movement of traffic. (d) The Texas Department of Transportation, on a highway under the jurisdiction of that department, may place signs prohibiting or restricting the stopping, standing, or parking of a vehicle on the highway where the director of the Texas Department of Transportation determines that stopping, standing, or parking is dangerous to, or would unduly interfere with, the free movement of traffic on the highway. (e) To the extent of any conflict between Subsection (a) or (b) and a municipal ordinance adopted under Section 545.302 (g), the ordinance controls.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.304. MOVING THE VEHICLE OF ANOTHER; UNLAWFUL PARKING.

A person may not move a vehicle that is not lawfully under the person's control: (1) into an area where a vehicle is prohibited under Section 545.302 ; or (2) away from a curb a distance that is unlawful under Section 545.303 .

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.305. AUTHORIZED REMOVAL OF CERTAIN MOTOR VEHICLES.

(a) A peace officer listed under Article 2A.001 , Code of Criminal Procedure, or a license and weight inspector of the department may remove or require the operator or a person in charge of a vehicle to move a vehicle from a highway if the vehicle: (1) is unattended on a bridge, viaduct, or causeway or in a tube or tunnel and the vehicle is obstructing traffic; (2) is unlawfully parked and blocking the entrance to a private driveway; (3) has been reported as stolen; (4) is identified as having been stolen in a warrant issued on the filing of a complaint; (5) is unattended and the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the vehicle has been abandoned for longer than 48 hours; (6) is disabled so that normal operation is impossible or impractical and the owner or person in charge of the vehicle is: (A) incapacitated and unable to provide for the vehicle's removal or custody; or (B) not in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle; (7) is disabled so that normal operation is impossible or impractical and the owner or person in charge of the vehicle does not designate a particular towing or storage company; (8) is operated by a person: (A) an officer arrests for an alleged offense and the officer is required by law to take the person into custody; or (B) in violation of Section 521.021, 521.457, 601.191, or 729.002; or (9) is, in the opinion of the officer, a hazard, interferes with a normal function of a governmental agency, or because of a catastrophe, emergency, or unusual circumstance is imperiled. (b) An officer acting under Subsection (a) may require that the vehicle be taken to: (1) the nearest garage or other place of safety; (2) a garage designated or maintained by the governmental agency that employs the officer; or (3) a position off the paved or main traveled part of the highway. (c) A law enforcement agency other than the department that removes an abandoned vehicle in an unincorporated area shall notify the sheriff. (d) The owner of a vehicle that is removed or stored under this section is liable for all reasonable towing and storage fees incurred. (e) In this section: (1) "Towing company" means an individual, corporation, partnership, or other association engaged in the business of towing vehicles on a highway for compensation or with the expectation of compensation for the towing or storage of the vehicles and includes the owner, operator, employee, or agent of a towing company. (2) "Storage company" means an individual, corporation, partnership, or other association engaged in the business of storing or repairing vehicles for compensation or with the expectation of compensation for the storage or repair of vehicles and includes the owner, operator, employee, or agent of a storage company.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.306. REGULATION OF TOWING COMPANIES IN CERTAIN COUNTIES.

(a) The commissioners court of a county with a population of 3.3 million or more shall by ordinance provide for the licensing of or the granting of a permit to a person to remove or store a vehicle authorized by Section 545.305 to be removed in an unincorporated area of the county. The ordinance must include rules to ensure the protection of the public and the safe and efficient operation of towing and storage services in the county and may not regulate or restrict the use of lighting equipment more than the extent allowed by state and federal law. The sheriff shall determine the rules included in the ordinance with the review and consent of the commissioners court. (b) The commissioners court shall set the fee for the license or permit in an amount that reasonably offsets the costs of enforcing the ordinance. The commissioners court shall use each license or permit fee to pay salaries and expenses of the sheriff's office for conducting inspections to determine compliance with the ordinance and laws relating to dealers in scrap metal and salvage.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.307. OVERNIGHT PARKING OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE IN OR NEAR RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISION.

(a) In this section: (1) "Commercial motor vehicle" means: (A) a commercial motor vehicle, as defined by Section 522.003 , and includes a vehicle meeting that definition regardless of whether the vehicle is used for a commercial purpose; or (B) a road tractor, truck tractor, pole trailer, or semitrailer, as those terms are defined by Section 541.201 . (2) "Residential subdivision" means a subdivision in a county with a population greater than 220,000: (A) for which a plat is recorded in the county real property records; and (B) in which the majority of lots are subject to deed restrictions limiting the lots to residential use. (b) Except as provided by Subsection (b-1), after 10 p.m. and before 6 a.m., a person may not park a commercial motor vehicle or leave the vehicle parked on a street that is maintained by a county or municipality and for which signs are posted as provided by Subsection (c) if the street: (1) is located within a residential subdivision; or (2) is adjacent to a residential subdivision and within 1,000 feet of the property line of a residence, school, place of worship, or park. (b-1) A person may park a commercial motor vehicle or leave the vehicle parked on a street for which signs are posted as provided by Subsection (c) if the commercial motor vehicle: (1) is transporting persons or property to or from the residential subdivision or performing work in the subdivision; and (2) remains parked in or adjacent to the subdivision only for the period necessary to complete the transportation or work. (c) The residents of a residential subdivision may petition a county or municipality in which the subdivision is located for the posting of signs prohibiting the overnight parking of a commercial motor vehicle in the subdivision or on a street adjacent to the subdivision and within 1,000 feet of the property line of a residence, school, place of worship, or park. The petition must be signed by at least 25 percent of the owners or tenants of residences in the subdivision. Not more than one person for each residence may sign the petition, and each person signing must be at least 18 years of age. Promptly after the filing of a petition meeting the requirements of this subsection and subject to Subsection (d), the county or municipality receiving the petition shall post the signs. The signs must: (1) be posted: (A) at each entrance of the subdivision through which a commercial motor vehicle may enter the subdivision or within the subdivision if there is not defined entrance to the subdivision; or (B) on a street adjacent to the subdivision; and (2) state, in letters at least two inches in height, that overnight parking of a commercial motor vehicle is prohibited in the subdivision or on a street adjacent to the subdivision. (d) A county or municipality receiving a petition under Subsection (c) may condition the posting of the signs on payment by the residents of the residential subdivision of the cost of providing the signs. (e) A person commits an offense if the person parks a commercial motor vehicle in violation of Subsection (b). (f) This section does not limit the power of a municipality to regulate the parking of commercial motor vehicles. (g) For the purposes of this section, contiguous subdivisions that are developed by the same entity or a successor to that entity and that are given the same public name or a variation of the same public name are considered one subdivision. Separation of one of the subdivisions from another by a road, stream, greenbelt, or similar barrier does not make the subdivisions noncontiguous. (h) This section does not apply to: (1) a vehicle owned by a utility that an employee of the utility who is on call 24 hours a day parks at the employee's residence; or (2) a vehicle owned by a commercial establishment that is parked on the street adjacent to where the establishment is located. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 173, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 731, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1419, Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 1999.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.308. PRESUMPTION.

The governing body of a local authority, by ordinance, order, or other official action, may provide that in a prosecution for an offense under this subchapter involving the stopping, standing, or parking of an unattended motor vehicle it is presumed that the registered owner of the vehicle is the person who stopped, stood, or parked the vehicle at the time and place the offense occurred. Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1080, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2001. SUBCHAPTER H. SPEED RESTRICTIONS

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.351. MAXIMUM SPEED REQUIREMENT.

(a) An operator may not drive at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the circumstances then existing. (b) An operator: (1) may not drive a vehicle at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard for actual and potential hazards then existing; and (2) shall control the speed of the vehicle as necessary to avoid colliding with another person or vehicle that is on or entering the highway in compliance with law and the duty of each person to use due care. (c) An operator shall, consistent with Subsections (a) and (b), drive at an appropriate reduced speed if: (1) the operator is approaching and crossing an intersection or railroad grade crossing; (2) the operator is approaching and going around a curve; (3) the operator is approaching a hill crest; (4) the operator is traveling on a narrow or winding roadway; and (5) a special hazard exists with regard to traffic, including pedestrians, or weather or highway conditions.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.352. PRIMA FACIE SPEED LIMITS.

(a) A speed in excess of the limits established by Subsection (b) or under another provision of this subchapter is prima facie evidence that the speed is not reasonable and prudent and that the speed is unlawful. (b) Unless a special hazard exists that requires a slower speed for compliance with Section 545.351 (b), the following speeds are lawful: (1) 30 miles per hour in an urban district on a street other than an alley and 15 miles per hour in an alley; (2) except as provided by Subdivision (4), 70 miles per hour on a highway numbered by this state or the United States outside an urban district, including a farm-to-market or ranch-to-market road; (3) except as provided by Subdivision (4), 60 miles per hour on a highway that is outside an urban district and not a highway numbered by this state or the United States; (4) outside an urban district: (A) 60 miles per hour if the vehicle is a school bus that has passed a commercial motor vehicle inspection under Section 548.201 and is on a highway numbered by the United States or this state, including a farm-to-market road; or (B) 50 miles per hour if the vehicle is a school bus that: (i) has not passed a commercial motor vehicle inspection under Section 548.201 ; or (ii) is traveling on a highway not numbered by the United States or this state; (5) on a beach, 15 miles per hour; or (6) on a county road adjacent to a public beach, 15 miles per hour, if declared by the commissioners court of the county. (c) The speed limits for a bus or other vehicle engaged in the business of transporting passengers for compensation or hire, for a commercial vehicle used as a highway post office vehicle for highway post office service in the transportation of United States mail, for a light truck, and for a school activity bus are the same as required for a passenger car at the same time and location. (d) In this section: (1) "Interstate highway" means a segment of the national system of interstate and defense highways that is: (A) located in this state; (B) officially designated by the Texas Transportation Commission; and (C) approved under Title 23, United States Code. (2) "Light truck" means a truck with a manufacturer's rated carrying capacity of not more than 2,000 pounds, including a pick-up truck, panel delivery truck, and carry-all truck. (3) "Urban district" means the territory adjacent to and including a highway, if the territory is improved with structures that are used for business, industry, or dwelling houses and are located at intervals of less than 100 feet for a distance of at least one-quarter mile on either side of the highway. (e) An entity that establishes or alters a speed limit under this subchapter shall establish the same speed limit for daytime and nighttime. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.353. AUTHORITY OF TEXAS TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS.

(a) If the Texas Transportation Commission determines from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation that a prima facie speed limit in this subchapter is unreasonable or unsafe on a part of the highway system, the commission, by order recorded in its minutes, and except as provided in Subsection (d), may determine and declare: (1) a reasonable and safe prima facie speed limit; and (2) another reasonable and safe speed because of wet or inclement weather. (b) In determining whether a prima facie speed limit on a part of the highway system is reasonable and safe, the commission shall consider the width and condition of the pavement, the usual traffic at the affected area, and other circumstances. (c) A prima facie speed limit that is declared by the commission under this section is effective when the commission erects signs giving notice of the new limit. A new limit that is enacted for a highway under this section is effective at all times or at other times as determined. (d) Except as provided by Subsection (h-1), the commission may not: (1) modify the rules established by Section 545.351 (b); (2) establish a speed limit of more than 75 miles per hour; or (3) increase the speed limit for a vehicle described by Section 545.352 (b)(4). (e) The commission, in conducting the engineering and traffic investigation specified by Subsection (a), shall follow the "Procedure for Establishing Speed Zones" as adopted by the commission. The commission may revise the procedure to accommodate technological advancement in traffic operation, the design and construction of highways and motor vehicles, and the safety of the motoring public. (f) The commission's authority to alter speed limits applies: (1) to any part of a highway officially designated or marked by the commission as part of the state highway system; and (2) both inside and outside the limits of a municipality, including a home-rule municipality, for a limited-access or controlled-access highway. (g) For purposes of this section, "wet or inclement weather" means a condition of the roadway that makes driving on the roadway unsafe and hazardous and that is caused by precipitation, including water, ice, and snow. (h) Notwithstanding Section 545.352 (b), the commission may establish a speed limit of 75 miles per hour on a part of the highway system if the commission determines that 75 miles per hour is a reasonable and safe speed for that part of the highway system. (h-1) Notwithstanding Section 545.352 (b), the commission may establish a speed limit of 80 miles per hour on a part of Interstate Highway 10 or Interstate Highway 20 in Crockett, Culberson, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kerr, Kimble, Pecos, Reeves, Sutton, or Ward County if the commission determines that 80 miles per hour is a reasonable and safe speed for that part of the highway. (h-2) Notwithstanding Section 545.352 (b), the commission may establish a speed limit not to exceed 85 miles per hour on a part of the state highway system if: (1) that part of the highway system is designed to accommodate travel at that established speed or a higher speed; and (2) the commission determines, after an engineering and traffic investigation, that the established speed limit is reasonable and safe for that part of the highway system. (i) Repealed by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265, Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2011. (j) The commission may not determine or declare, or agree to determine or declare, a prima facie speed limit for environmental purposes on a part of the highway system. (k) The commission by rule may establish a variable speed limit program to allow the temporary lowering of a prima facie speed limit to address inclement weather, congestion, road construction, or any other condition that affects the safe and orderly movement of traffic on a roadway for which the commission has the authority to establish a speed limit. Notice of a speed limit established under the program may be displayed using a stationary or portable changeable message sign, as defined by Section 544.013 . The program may not authorize the lowering of a speed limit to divert traffic to a toll road for the purpose of increasing revenue from toll charges. A speed limit that is established under the program: (1) must be based on an engineering and traffic investigation; (2) may be effective for all or a designated portion of the highway and may be effective for any period of the day or night, as the Texas Department of Transportation determines necessary; (3) may not be less than 10 miles per hour below the prima facie speed limit on the portion of the highway to which it applies; and (4) is effective only when the speed limit is posted and only if a sign notifying motorists of the change in speed limit is posted not less than 500 feet but not more than 1,000 feet before the point at which the speed limit begins. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 259 (H.B. 1201 ), Sec. 11, eff. June 17, 2011. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093 ), Sec. 20.019, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.354. AUTHORITY OF REGIONAL TOLLWAY AUTHORITIES TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS ON TURNPIKE PROJECTS.

(a) (1) In this section, "authority" means a regional tollway authority governed by Chapter 366 . (2) If an authority determines from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation that a prima facie speed limit described in this subchapter is unreasonable or unsafe on a part of a turnpike constructed and maintained by the authority, the authority by order recorded in its minutes shall determine and declare a reasonable and safe prima facie speed limit for vehicles or classes of vehicles on the turnpike. (b) In determining whether a prima facie speed limit on a part of a turnpike constructed and maintained by the authority is reasonable or safe, the authority shall consider the width and condition of the pavement, the usual traffic on the turnpike, and other circumstances. (c) A prima facie speed limit that is declared by the authority in accordance with this section is effective when the authority erects signs giving notice of the new limit. A new limit that is adopted for a turnpike project constructed and maintained by the authority in accordance with this section is effective at all times or at other times as determined. (d) The authority's power to alter prima facie speed limits is effective and exclusive on any part of a turnpike project constructed and maintained by the authority inside and outside the limits of a municipality, including a home-rule municipality. (e) The authority may not: (1) alter the general rule established by Section 545.351 (a); or (2) establish a speed limit of more than 75 miles per hour. (f) The authority, in conducting the engineering and traffic investigation specified by Subsection (a), shall follow the procedure for establishing speed zones adopted by the Texas Department of Transportation. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.355. AUTHORITY OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COURT TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS.

(a) The commissioners court of a county, for a county road or highway outside the limits of the right-of-way of an officially designated or marked highway or road of the state highway system and outside a municipality, has the same authority to increase prima facie speed limits from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation as the Texas Transportation Commission on an officially designated or marked highway of the state highway system. (b) The commissioners court of a county may declare a lower speed limit of not less than: (1) 30 miles per hour on a county road or highway to which this section applies, if the commissioners court determines that the prima facie speed limit on the road or highway is unreasonable or unsafe; or (2) 20 miles per hour: (A) in a residence district, unless the roadway has been designated as a major thoroughfare by a city planning commission; or (B) on a county road or highway to which this section applies that is located within 500 feet of an elementary, secondary, or open-enrollment charter school or an institution of higher education, if approved under Section 545.357 . (c) The commissioners court may not modify the rule established by Section 545.351 (a) or establish a speed limit of more than 70 miles per hour. (d) The commissioners court may modify a prima facie speed limit in accordance with this section only by an order entered on its records. (e) The commissioners court of a county with a population of more than 2.8 million may establish from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation a speed limit of not more than 75 miles per hour on any part of a highway of that county that is a limited-access or controlled-access highway, regardless of the location of the part of the highway. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 936 (H.B. 1607 ), Sec. 1, eff. June 14, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.356. AUTHORITY OF MUNICIPALITY TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS.

(a) The governing body of a municipality, for a highway or part of a highway in the municipality, including a highway of the state highway system, has the same authority to alter by ordinance prima facie speed limits from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation as the Texas Transportation Commission on an officially designated or marked highway of the state highway system. The governing body of a municipality may not modify the rule established by Section 545.351 (a) or establish a speed limit of more than 75 miles per hour. (b) The governing body of a municipality, for a highway or part of a highway in the municipality, including a highway of the state highway system, has the same authority to alter prima facie speed limits from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation as the commission for an officially designated or marked highway of the state highway system, when the highway or part of the highway is under repair, construction, or maintenance. A municipality may not modify the rule established by Section 545.351 (a) or establish a speed limit of more than 75 miles per hour. (b-1) Except as provided by Subsection (b-3), the governing body of a municipality, for a highway or a part of a highway in the municipality that is not an officially designated or marked highway or road of the state highway system, may declare a lower speed limit of not less than 25 miles per hour, if the governing body determines that the prima facie speed limit on the highway is unreasonable or unsafe. (b-2) Subsection (b-1) applies only to a two-lane, undivided highway or part of a highway. (b-3) The governing body of a municipality with a population of 2,000 or less, for a highway or a part of a highway in the municipality that is a one-lane highway used for two-way access and that is not an officially designated or marked highway or road of the state highway system, may declare a lower speed limit of not less than 10 miles per hour, if the governing body determines that the prima facie speed limit on the highway is unreasonable or unsafe. (c) A prima facie speed limit that is altered by the governing body of a municipality under Subsection (b), (b-1), or (b-3) is effective when the governing body erects signs giving notice of the new limit and at all times or at other times as determined. (d) The governing body of a municipality that declares a lower speed limit on a highway or part of a highway under Subsection (b-1) or (b-3), not later than February 1 of each year, shall publish on its Internet website and submit to the department a report that compares for each of the two previous calendar years: (1) the number of traffic citations issued by peace officers of the municipality and the alleged speed of the vehicles, for speed limit violations on the highway or part of the highway; (2) the number of warning citations issued by peace officers of the municipality on the highway or part of the highway; and (3) the number of vehicular collisions that resulted in injury or death and were attributable to speed limit violations on the highway or part of the highway. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1144 (H.B. 2682 ), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2009. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1016 (H.B. 2596 ), Sec. 1, eff. June 17, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.357. CONSIDERATION OF SPEED LIMITS WHERE CERTAIN SCHOOLS ARE LOCATED.

(a) The governing body of a municipality in which a public or private elementary or secondary school, an open-enrollment charter school, or an institution of higher education is located shall, on request of the governing body of a school or institution of higher education, hold a public hearing at least once each calendar year to consider prima facie speed limits on a highway in the municipality, including a highway of the state highway system, near the school or institution of higher education. (b) If a county road outside the state highway system is located within 500 feet of a public or private elementary or secondary school, an open-enrollment charter school, or an institution of higher education that is not in a municipality, the commissioners court of the county, on request of the governing body of a school or institution of higher education, shall hold a public hearing at least once each calendar year to consider the prima facie speed limit on the road near the school or institution of higher education. (c) A municipal governing body or commissioners court, on request of the governing body of a school or institution of higher education, may hold one public hearing for all public and private elementary and secondary schools, open-enrollment charter schools, and institutions of higher education in its jurisdiction. (d) The Texas Transportation Commission, on request of the governing body of a school or institution of higher education, shall hold a public hearing at least once each calendar year to consider prima facie speed limits on highways in the state highway system that are near public or private elementary or secondary schools, open-enrollment charter schools, or institutions of higher education. (e) On request of the governing body of a school or institution of higher education following a public hearing held under this section, the commissioners court, municipal governing body, or Texas Transportation Commission, as applicable, shall conduct an engineering and traffic investigation for the highway or road that is the subject of the request. On review of the results of the investigation, the commissioners court, municipal governing body, or Texas Transportation Commission has the same authority and discretion to alter prima facie speed limits as provided by Section 545.353 , 545.355 , or 545.356 , as applicable. Following each public hearing held under this section, the governing body of a school or institution of higher education may make only one request under this subsection for an engineering and traffic investigation. (f) In this section: (1) "Governing body of a school or institution of higher education" means: (A) the board of trustees of the school district in which a public elementary or secondary school is located; (B) the governing body of a private elementary or secondary school; (C) the governing body of an open-enrollment charter school; or (D) the governing board of an institution of higher education. (2) "Institution of higher education" means an institution of higher education or a private or independent institution of higher education, as those terms are defined by Section 61.003 , Education Code. (3) "Open-enrollment charter school" has the meaning assigned by Section 5.001 , Education Code.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.358. AUTHORITY OF COMMANDING OFFICER OF UNITED STATES MILITARY RESERVATION TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS.

The commanding officer of a United States military reservation, for a highway or part of a highway in the military reservation, including a highway of the state highway system, has the same authority by order to alter prima facie speed limits from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation as the Texas Transportation Commission for an officially designated or marked highway of the state highway system. A commanding officer may not modify the rule established by Section 545.351 (a) or establish a speed limit of more than 75 miles per hour. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.359. CONFLICTING DESIGNATED SPEED LIMITS.

An order of the Texas Transportation Commission declaring a speed limit on a part of a designated or marked route of the state highway system made under Section 545.353 or 545.362 supersedes any conflicting designated speed established under Sections 545.356 and 545.358 .

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.360. DUTY OF TEXAS TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION AND STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION TO PROVIDE INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE.

The chairman of the Texas Transportation Commission and the chairman of the State Board of Education shall provide assistance and information relevant to consideration of speed limits to commissioners courts, municipal governing bodies, and other interested persons.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.361. SPECIAL SPEED LIMITATIONS.

(a) An operator of a moped or a motorcycle equipped with a motor that has an engine piston displacement of 250 cubic centimeters or less may not drive at a speed of more than 35 miles per hour during the time specified by Section 547.302 (a) unless the motorcycle or moped is equipped with a headlamp or lamps that reveal a person or vehicle 300 feet ahead. (b) An operator of a vehicle equipped with solid rubber or cushion tires may not drive at a speed of more than 10 miles per hour. (c) An operator driving over a bridge or other elevated structure that is a part of a highway may not drive at a speed of more than the maximum speed that can be maintained with safety to the bridge or structure, when signs are posted as provided by this section. (d) An operator of self-propelled machinery designed or adapted for applying plant food materials or agricultural chemicals and not designed or adapted for the sole purpose of transporting the materials or chemicals may not drive at a speed of more than 30 miles per hour unless the machinery is registered under Chapter 502 . (e) The Texas Transportation Commission, for a state highway, the Texas Turnpike Authority, for any part of a turnpike constructed and maintained by the authority, and a local authority for a highway under the jurisdiction of the local authority, may investigate a bridge or other elevated structure that is a part of a highway. If after conducting the investigation the commission, turnpike authority, or local authority finds that the structure cannot safely withstand vehicles traveling at a speed otherwise permissible under this subtitle, the commission, turnpike authority, or local authority shall: (1) determine and declare the maximum speed of vehicles that the structure can safely withstand; and (2) post and maintain signs before each end of the structure stating the maximum speed.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.362. TEMPORARY SPEED LIMITS.

(a) Subject to Subsection (c), the Texas Transportation Commission may enter an order establishing prima facie speed limits of not more than 75 miles per hour applicable to all highways, including a turnpike under the authority of the Texas Turnpike Authority or a highway under the control of a municipality or county. An order entered under this section does not have the effect of increasing a speed limit on any highway. (b) The limits established under this section: (1) are prima facie prudent and reasonable speed limits enforceable in the same manner as prima facie limits established under other provisions of this subchapter; and (2) supersede any other established speed limit that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed. (c) An order may be issued under Subsection (a) only if the commission finds and states in the order that: (1) a severe shortage of motor fuel or other petroleum product exists, the shortage was caused by war, national emergency, or other circumstances, and a reduction of speed limits will foster conservation and safety; or (2) the failure to alter state speed limits will prevent the state from receiving money from the United States for highway purposes. (d) Unless a specific speed limit is required by federal law or directive under threat of loss of highway money of the United States, the commission may not set prima facie speed limits under this section of all vehicles at less than 60 miles per hour, except on a divided highway of at least four lanes, for which the commission may not set prima facie speed limits of all vehicles at less than 65 miles per hour. (e) Before the commission may enter an order establishing a prima facie speed limit, it must hold a public hearing preceded by the publication in at least three newspapers of general circulation in the state of a notice of the date, time, and place of the hearing and of the action proposed to be taken. The notice must be published at least 12 days before the date of the hearing. At the hearing, all interested persons may present oral or written testimony regarding the proposed order. (f) If the commission enters an order under this section, it shall file the order in the office of the governor. The governor shall then make an independent finding of fact and determine the existence of the facts in Subsection (c). Before the 13th day after the date the order is filed in the governor's office, the governor shall conclude the finding of fact, issue a proclamation stating whether the necessary facts exist to support the issuance of the commission's order, and file copies of the order and the proclamation in the office of the secretary of state. (g) If the governor's proclamation states that the facts necessary to support the issuance of the commission's order exist, the order takes effect according to Subsection (h). Otherwise, the order has no effect. (h) In an order issued under this section, the commission may specify the date the order takes effect, but that date may not be sooner than the eighth day after the date the order is filed with the governor. If the order does not have an effective date, it takes effect on the 21st day after the date it is filed with the governor. Unless the order by its own terms expires earlier, it remains in effect until a subsequent order adopted by the procedure prescribed by this section amends or repeals it, except that an order adopted under this section expires when this section expires. The procedure for repealing an order is the same as for adopting an order, except that the commission and the governor must find that the facts required to support the issuance of an order under Subsection (c) no longer exist. (i) If an order is adopted in accordance with this section, the commission and all governmental authorities responsible for the maintenance of highway speed limit signs shall take appropriate action to conceal or remove all signs that give notice of a speed limit of more than the one contained in the order and to erect appropriate signs. All governmental entities responsible for administering traffic safety programs and enforcing traffic laws shall use all available resources to notify the public of the effect of the order. To accomplish this purpose, the governmental entities shall request the cooperation of all news media in the state. (j) A change in speed limits under this section is effective until the commission makes a finding that the conditions in Subsection (c) require or authorize an additional change in those speed limits or in the highway or sections of highway to which those speed limits apply. (k) This section expires when the national maximum speed limits are repealed. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 265 (H.B. 1353 ), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.363. MINIMUM SPEED REGULATIONS.

(a) An operator may not drive so slowly as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law. (b) When the Texas Transportation Commission, the Texas Turnpike Authority, the commissioners court of a county, or the governing body of a municipality, within the jurisdiction of each, as applicable, as specified in Sections 545.353 to 545.357, determines from the results of an engineering and traffic investigation that slow speeds on a part of a highway consistently impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, the commission, authority, county commissioners court, or governing body may determine and declare a minimum speed limit on the highway. (c) If appropriate signs are erected giving notice of a minimum speed limit adopted under this section, an operator may not drive a vehicle more slowly than that limit except as necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.364. SPEED LIMIT SIGNS AFTER CONSTRUCTION OR MAINTENANCE WORK ZONE.

(a) In this section, "construction or maintenance work zone" has the meaning assigned by Section 472.022 . (b) An entity that sets a lower speed limit on a road or highway in the state highway system for a construction or maintenance work zone shall place or require to be placed a sign at the end of the zone that indicates the speed limit after the zone ends. Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 154 (H.B. 339 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2019.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.365. SPEED LIMIT EXCEPTION FOR EMERGENCIES; MUNICIPAL REGULATION.

(a) The regulation of the speed of a vehicle under this subchapter does not apply to: (1) an authorized emergency vehicle responding to a call; (2) a police patrol; or (3) a physician or ambulance responding to an emergency call. (b) A municipality by ordinance may regulate the speed of: (1) an ambulance; (2) an emergency medical services vehicle; or (3) an authorized vehicle operated by a blood or tissue bank. SUBCHAPTER I. MISCELLANEOUS RULES

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.401. RECKLESS DRIVING; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person drives a vehicle in wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. (b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by: (1) a fine not to exceed $200; (2) confinement in county jail for not more than 30 days; or (3) both the fine and the confinement. (c) Notwithstanding Section 542.001 , this section applies to: (1) a private access way or parking area provided for a client or patron by a business, other than a private residential property or the property of a garage or parking lot for which a charge is made for the storing or parking of motor vehicles; and (2) a highway or other public place. (d) Notwithstanding Section 542.004 , this section applies to a person, a team, or motor vehicles and other equipment engaged in work on a highway surface.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.402. MOVING A PARKED VEHICLE.

An operator may not begin movement of a stopped, standing, or parked vehicle unless the movement can be made safely.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.404. UNATTENDED MOTOR VEHICLE.

(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), an operator may not leave a vehicle unattended without: (1) stopping the engine; (2) locking the ignition; (3) removing the key from the ignition; (4) setting the parking brake effectively; and (5) if standing on a grade, turning the front wheels to the curb or side of the highway. (b) The requirements of Subsections (a)(1), (2), and (3) do not apply to an operator who starts the engine of a vehicle by using a remote starter or other similar device that: (1) remotely starts the vehicle's engine without placing the key in the ignition; and (2) requires the key to be placed in the ignition or physically present in the vehicle before the vehicle can be operated.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.405. DRIVING ON MOUNTAIN HIGHWAY.

An operator moving through a defile or canyon or on a mountain highway shall: (1) hold the vehicle under control and as near the right-hand edge of the highway as possible; and (2) on approaching a curve that obstructs the view of the highway for 200 feet, give warning with the horn of the motor vehicle.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.406. COASTING.

(a) An operator moving on a downgrade may not coast with the gears or transmission of the vehicle in neutral. (b) An operator of a truck, tractor, or bus moving on a downgrade may not coast with the clutch disengaged.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.407. FOLLOWING OR OBSTRUCTING FIRE APPARATUS OR AMBULANCE.

(a) An operator, unless on official business, may not follow closer than 500 feet a fire apparatus responding to a fire alarm or drive into or park the vehicle in the block where the fire apparatus has stopped to answer a fire alarm. (b) An operator may not: (1) follow closer than 500 feet an ambulance that is flashing red lights unless the operator is on official business; or (2) drive or park the vehicle where an ambulance has been summoned for an emergency call in a manner intended to interfere with the arrival or departure of the ambulance.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.408. CROSSING FIRE HOSE.

An operator may not, without the consent of the fire department official in command, drive over an unprotected hose of a fire department if the hose is on a street or private driveway and is intended for use at a fire or alarm of fire.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.409. DRAWBARS AND TRAILER HITCHES; SADDLE-MOUNT TOWING.

(a) The drawbar or other connection between a vehicle drawing another vehicle and the drawn vehicle: (1) must be strong enough to pull all weight drawn; and (2) may not exceed 15 feet between the vehicles except for a connection between two vehicles transporting poles, pipe, machinery, or other objects of structural nature that cannot readily be dismembered. (b) An operator drawing another vehicle and using a chain, rope, or cable to connect the vehicles shall display on the connection a white flag or cloth not less than 12 inches square. (c) A motor vehicle may not draw more than three motor vehicles attached to it by the triple saddle-mount method. In this subsection, "triple saddle-mount method" means the mounting of the front wheels of trailing vehicles on the bed of another vehicle while leaving the rear wheels only of the trailing vehicles in contact with the roadway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.410. TOWING SAFETY CHAINS.

(a) An operator of a passenger car or light truck may not draw a trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or another motor vehicle unless safety chains of a type approved by the department are attached in a manner approved by the department from the trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or drawn motor vehicle to the drawing vehicle. This subsection does not apply to the drawing of a trailer or semitrailer used for agricultural purposes. (b) The department shall adopt rules prescribing the type of safety chains required to be used according to the weight of the trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or motor vehicle being drawn. The rules shall: (1) require safety chains to be strong enough to maintain the connection between the trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or drawn motor vehicle and the drawing vehicle; and (2) show the proper method to attach safety chains between the trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or drawn motor vehicle and the drawing vehicle. (c) Subsection (b) does not apply to trailers, semitrailers, or house trailers that are equipped with safety chains installed by the original manufacturer before the effective date of the rules. (d) This section does not apply to a trailer, semitrailer, house trailer, or drawn motor vehicle that is operated in compliance with the federal motor carrier safety regulations. (e) In this section, "safety chains" means flexible tension members connected from the front of a drawn vehicle to the rear of the drawing vehicle to maintain connection between the vehicles if the primary connecting system fails.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.411. USE OF REST AREA: OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person remains at a rest area for longer than 24 hours or erects a tent, shelter, booth, or structure at the rest area and the person: (1) has notice while conducting the activity that the activity is prohibited; or (2) receives notice that the activity is prohibited but does not depart or remove the structure within eight hours after receiving notice. (b) For purposes of this section, a person: (1) has notice if a sign stating the prohibited activity and penalty is posted on the premises; or (2) receives notice if a peace officer orally communicates to the person the prohibited activity and penalty for the offense. (c) It is an exception to Subsection (a) if a nonprofit organization erects a temporary structure at a rest area to provide food services, food, or beverages to travelers and the Texas Department of Transportation: (1) finds that the services would constitute a public service for the benefit of the traveling public; and (2) issues a permit to the organization. (d) In this section, "rest area" means public real property designated as a rest area, comfort station, picnic area, roadside park, or scenic overlook by the Texas Department of Transportation.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.412. CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY SEAT SYSTEMS; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person operates a passenger vehicle, transports a child who is younger than eight years of age, unless the child is taller than four feet, nine inches, and does not keep the child secured during the operation of the vehicle in a child passenger safety seat system according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the safety seat system. (b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $25 and not more than $250. (b-1) Repealed by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4, Sec. 69.01(1), eff. September 28, 2011. (c) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that the person was operating the vehicle in an emergency or for a law enforcement purpose. (d) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, Sec. 8.01. (e) This section does not apply to a person: (1) operating a vehicle transporting passengers for hire, excluding third-party transport service providers when transporting clients pursuant to a contract to provide nonemergency Medicaid transportation; or (2) transporting a child in a vehicle in which all seating positions equipped with child passenger safety seat systems or safety belts are occupied. (f) In this section: (1) "Child passenger safety seat system" means an infant or child passenger restraint system that meets the federal standards for crash-tested restraint systems as set by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2) "Passenger vehicle" means a passenger car, light truck, sport utility vehicle, passenger van designed to transport 15 or fewer passengers, including the driver, truck, or truck tractor. (3) "Safety belt" means a lap belt and any shoulder straps included as original equipment on or added to a vehicle. (4) "Secured," in connection with use of a safety belt, means using the lap belt and any shoulder straps according to the instructions of: (A) the manufacturer of the vehicle, if the safety belt is original equipment; or (B) the manufacturer of the safety belt, if the safety belt has been added to the vehicle. (g) Repealed by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 663 (H.B. 1560 ), Sec. 5.68(12), eff. June 1, 2023. (h) Notwithstanding Section 542.402 (a), a municipality or county, at the end of the municipality's or county's fiscal year, shall send to the comptroller an amount equal to 50 percent of the fines collected by the municipality or the county for violations of this section. The comptroller shall deposit the amount received to the credit of the tertiary care fund for use by trauma centers. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 255 (S.B. 61 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1257 (H.B. 537 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1 ), Sec. 69.01(1), eff. September 28, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1391 (H.B. 1294 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.413. SAFETY BELTS; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if: (1) the person: (A) is at least 15 years of age; (B) is riding in a passenger vehicle while the vehicle is being operated; (C) is occupying a seat that is equipped with a safety belt; and (D) is not secured by a safety belt; or (2) as the operator of a school bus equipped with a safety belt for the operator's seat, the person is not secured by the safety belt. (b) A person commits an offense if the person: (1) operates a passenger vehicle that is equipped with safety belts; and (2) allows a child who is younger than 17 years of age and who is not required to be secured in a child passenger safety seat system under Section 545.412 (a) to ride in the vehicle without requiring the child to be secured by a safety belt, provided the child is occupying a seat that is equipped with a safety belt. (b-1) A person commits an offense if the person allows a child who is younger than 17 years of age and who is not required to be secured in a child passenger safety seat system under Section 545.412 (a) to ride in a passenger van designed to transport 15 or fewer passengers, including the driver, without securing the child individually by a safety belt, if the child is occupying a seat that is equipped with a safety belt. (c) A passenger vehicle or a seat in a passenger vehicle is considered to be equipped with a safety belt if the vehicle is required under Section 547.601 to be equipped with safety belts. (d) An offense under Subsection (a) is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $50. An offense under Subsection (b) is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $200. (e) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that: (1) the person possesses a written statement from a licensed physician stating that for a medical reason the person should not wear a safety belt; (2) the person presents to the court, not later than the 10th day after the date of the offense, a statement from a licensed physician stating that for a medical reason the person should not wear a safety belt; (3) the person is employed by the United States Postal Service and performing a duty for that agency that requires the operator to service postal boxes from a vehicle or that requires frequent entry into and exit from a vehicle; (4) the person is engaged in the actual delivery of newspapers from a vehicle or is performing newspaper delivery duties that require frequent entry into and exit from a vehicle; (5) the person is employed by a public or private utility company and is engaged in the reading of meters or performing a similar duty for that company requiring the operator to frequently enter into and exit from a vehicle; (6) the person is operating a commercial vehicle registered as a farm vehicle under the provisions of Section 502.433 that does not have a gross weight, registered weight, or gross weight rating of 48,000 pounds or more; or (7) the person is the operator of or a passenger in a vehicle used exclusively to transport solid waste and performing duties that require frequent entry into and exit from the vehicle. (f) The department shall develop and implement an educational program to encourage the wearing of safety belts and to emphasize: (1) the effectiveness of safety belts and other restraint devices in reducing the risk of harm to passengers in motor vehicles; and (2) the requirements of this section and the penalty for noncompliance. (g) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, Sec. 8.01. (h) In this section, "passenger vehicle," "safety belt," and "secured" have the meanings assigned by Section 545.412 . (i) Repealed by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 663 (H.B. 1560 ), Sec. 5.68(13), eff. June 1, 2023. (j) Notwithstanding Section 542.402 (a), a municipality or county, at the end of the municipality's or county's fiscal year, shall send to the comptroller an amount equal to 50 percent of the fines collected by the municipality or the county for violations of Subsection (b) of this section. The comptroller shall deposit the amount received to the credit of the tertiary care fund for use by trauma centers. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 974 (H.B. 3638 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1257 (H.B. 537 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093 ), Sec. 20.020, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.414. RIDING IN OPEN BEDS; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person operates an open-bed pickup truck or an open flatbed truck or draws an open flatbed trailer when a child younger than 18 years of age is occupying the bed of the truck or trailer. (b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $200. (c) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that the person was: (1) operating or towing the vehicle in a parade or in an emergency; (2) operating the vehicle to transport farmworkers from one field to another field on a farm-to-market road, ranch-to-market road, or county road outside a municipality; (3) operating the vehicle on a beach; (4) operating a vehicle that is the only vehicle owned or operated by the members of a household; or (5) operating the vehicle in a hayride permitted by the governing body of or a law enforcement agency of each county or municipality in which the hayride will occur. (d) Compliance or noncompliance with Subsection (a) is not admissible evidence in a civil trial. (e) In this section, "household" has the meaning assigned by Section 71.005 , Family Code.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.415. BACKING A VEHICLE.

(a) An operator may not back the vehicle unless the movement can be made safely and without interference with other traffic. (b) An operator may not back the vehicle on a shoulder or roadway of a limited-access or controlled-access highway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.416. RIDING ON MOTORCYCLE OR MOPED.

(a) An operator of a motorcycle or moped shall ride on the permanent and regular seat attached to the motorcycle or moped. (b) An operator may not carry another person on the motorcycle or moped, and a person who is not operating the motorcycle or moped may not ride on the motorcycle or moped, unless the motorcycle or moped is: (1) designed to carry more than one person; and (2) equipped with footrests and handholds for use by the passenger. (c) If the motorcycle or moped is designed to carry more than one person, a passenger may ride only on the permanent and regular seat, if designed for two persons, or on another seat firmly attached to the motorcycle or moped behind or to the side of the operator. (d) Except as provided by Subsection (e), an operator may not carry another person on a motorcycle or moped unless the other person is at least five years of age. An offense under this subsection is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $200. It is a defense to prosecution under this subsection that the operator was operating the motorcycle or moped in an emergency or for a law enforcement purpose. (e) Subsection (d) does not prohibit an operator from carrying on a motorcycle or moped a person younger than five years of age who is seated in a sidecar attached to the motorcycle or moped. (f) For purposes of Subsections (c) and (d), an autocycle as defined by Section 501.008 is considered to be a motorcycle. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1257 (H.B. 537 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1111 (H.B. 3838 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.417. OBSTRUCTION OF OPERATOR'S VIEW OR DRIVING MECHANISM.

(a) An operator may not drive a vehicle when it is loaded so that, or when the front seat has a number of persons, exceeding three, so that: (1) the view of the operator to the front or sides of the vehicle is obstructed; or (2) there is interference with the operator's control over the driving mechanism of the vehicle. (b) A passenger in a vehicle may not ride in a position that interferes with the operator's view to the front or sides or control over the driving mechanism of the vehicle.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.418. OPENING VEHICLE DOORS.

A person may not: (1) open the door of a motor vehicle on the side available to moving traffic, unless the door may be opened in reasonable safety without interfering with the movement of other traffic; or (2) leave a door on the side of a vehicle next to moving traffic open for longer than is necessary to load or unload a passenger.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.420. RACING ON HIGHWAY; IMPOUNDMENT OF A VEHICLE.

(a) A person may not participate in any manner in: (1) a race; (2) a vehicle speed competition or contest; (3) a drag race or acceleration contest; (4) a test of physical endurance of the operator of a vehicle; or (5) in connection with a drag race, an exhibition of vehicle speed or acceleration or to make a vehicle speed record. (b) In this section: (1) "Drag race" means the operation of: (A) two or more vehicles from a point side by side at accelerating speeds in a competitive attempt to outdistance each other; or (B) one or more vehicles over a common selected course, from the same place to the same place, for the purpose of comparing the relative speeds or power of acceleration of the vehicle or vehicles in a specified distance or time. (2) "Race" means the use of one or more vehicles in an attempt to: (A) outgain or outdistance another vehicle or prevent another vehicle from passing; (B) arrive at a given destination ahead of another vehicle or vehicles; or (C) test the physical stamina or endurance of an operator over a long-distance driving route. (c) [Blank] (d) Except as provided by Subsections (e)-(h), an offense under Subsection (a) is a Class B misdemeanor. (e) An offense under Subsection (a) is a Class A misdemeanor if it is shown on the trial of the offense that: (1) the person has previously been convicted one time of an offense under that subsection; or (2) the person, at the time of the offense: (A) was operating the vehicle while intoxicated, as defined by Section 49.01 , Penal Code; or (B) was in possession of an open container, as defined by Section 49.031 , Penal Code. (f) An offense under Subsection (a) is a state jail felony if it is shown on the trial of the offense that the person has previously been convicted two times of an offense under that subsection. (g) An offense under Subsection (a) is a felony of the third degree if it is shown on the trial of the offense that as a result of the offense, an individual suffered bodily injury. (h) An offense under Subsection (a) is a felony of the second degree if it is shown on the trial of the offense that as a result of the offense, an individual suffered serious bodily injury or death. (i) A peace officer shall require a vehicle used in the commission of an offense under Subsection (a) or an offense punishable under Section 42.03 (d) or (e), Penal Code, to be taken to the nearest licensed vehicle storage facility unless the vehicle is seized as evidence, in which case the vehicle may be taken to a storage facility as designated by the peace officer involved. Notwithstanding Article 18.23 , Code of Criminal Procedure, the owner of a vehicle that is removed or stored under this subsection is liable for all removal and storage fees incurred and is not entitled to take possession of the vehicle until those fees are paid. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1258 (H.B. 548 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.421. FLEEING OR ATTEMPTING TO ELUDE POLICE OFFICER; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person operates a motor vehicle and wilfully fails or refuses to bring the vehicle to a stop or flees, or attempts to elude, a pursuing police vehicle when given a visual or audible signal to bring the vehicle to a stop. (b) A signal under this section that is given by a police officer pursuing a vehicle may be by hand, voice, emergency light, or siren. The officer giving the signal must be in uniform and prominently display the officer's badge of office. The officer's vehicle must bear the insignia of a law enforcement agency, regardless of whether the vehicle displays an emergency light. (c) Except as provided by Subsection (d), an offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor. (d) An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor if the person, during the commission of the offense, recklessly engages in conduct that places another in imminent danger of serious bodily injury. (e) A person is presumed to have recklessly engaged in conduct placing another in imminent danger of serious bodily injury under Subsection (d) if the person while intoxicated knowingly operated a motor vehicle during the commission of the offense. In this subsection, "intoxicated" has the meaning assigned by Section 49.01 , Penal Code. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1280 (H.B. 1831 ), Sec. 1.21, eff. September 1, 2009.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.422. CROSSING SIDEWALK OR HIKE AND BIKE TRAIL.

(a) A person may not drive a motor vehicle on a sidewalk, sidewalk area, or hike and bike trail except on a permanent or authorized temporary driveway. (b) Subsection (a) does not prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle on a hike and bike trail in connection with maintenance of the trail. (c) In this section, "hike and bike trail" means a trail designed for the exclusive use of pedestrians, bicyclists, or both.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.423. CROSSING PROPERTY.

(a) An operator may not cross a sidewalk or drive through a driveway, parking lot, or business or residential entrance without stopping the vehicle. (b) An operator may not cross or drive in or on a sidewalk, driveway, parking lot, or business or residential entrance at an intersection to turn right or left from one highway to another highway.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.424. OPERATION OF VEHICLE BY PERSON UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.

(a) A person under 18 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle while using a wireless communication device, except in case of emergency. This subsection does not apply to a person licensed by the Federal Communications Commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a wireless communication device. (a-1) A person under 18 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle: (1) after midnight and before 5 a.m. unless the operation of the vehicle is necessary for the operator to attend or participate in employment or a school-related activity or because of a medical emergency; or (2) with more than one passenger in the vehicle under 21 years of age who is not a family member. (a-2) Notwithstanding Subsection (a-1), a person under 18 years of age may operate a moped after midnight and before 5 a.m. if the person is in sight of the person's parent or guardian. (b) A person under 17 years of age who holds a restricted motorcycle license may not operate a motorcycle while using a wireless communication device, except in case of emergency. This subsection does not apply to a person licensed by the Federal Communications Commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a wireless communication device. (b-1) A person under 17 years of age who holds a restricted motorcycle license, during the 12-month period following the issuance of an original motorcycle license to the person, may not operate a motorcycle after midnight and before 5 a.m. unless: (1) the person is in sight of the person's parent or guardian; or (2) the operation of the vehicle is necessary for the operator to attend or participate in employment or a school-related activity or because of a medical emergency. (c) Subsection (a-1) does not apply to a person operating a motor vehicle while accompanied in the manner required by Section 521.222 (d)(2) for the holder of a learner license. (d) For the purposes of this section, employment includes work on a family farm by a member of the family that owns or operates the farm. (e) A peace officer may not stop a vehicle or detain the operator of a vehicle for the sole purpose of determining whether the operator of the vehicle has violated this section. (f) In this section, "wireless communication device" means a handheld or hands-free device that uses commercial mobile service, as defined by 47 U.S.C. Section 332. (g) An offense under Subsection (a) or (b) is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of at least $25 and not more than $99 unless it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant has been previously convicted at least one time of an offense under either subsection, in which event the offense is punishable by a fine of at least $100 and not more than $200. Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1251, Sec. 3, eff. Jan. 1, 2002. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1146 (H.B. 2730 ), Sec. 12.11, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1253 (H.B. 339 ), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1160 (H.B. 2466 ), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2011. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 716 (H.B. 3483 ), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2013. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1101 (H.B. 3676 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.425. USE OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE IN A SCHOOL CROSSING ZONE OR WHILE OPERATING A BUS WITH A MINOR PASSENGER; LOCAL AUTHORITY SIGN REQUIREMENTS; OFFENSE.

(a) In this section: (1) "Hands-free device" means speakerphone capability, a telephone attachment, or another function or other piece of equipment, regardless of whether permanently installed in or on a wireless communication device or in a motor vehicle, that allows use of the wireless communication device without use of either of the operator's hands, except to activate or deactivate a function of the wireless communication device or hands-free device. The term includes voice-operated technology and a push-to-talk function. (2) "Wireless communication device" means a device that uses a commercial mobile service, as defined by 47 U.S.C. Section 332. (b) Except as provided by Subsection (c), an operator may not use a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle within a school crossing zone, as defined by Section 541.302 , Transportation Code, unless: (1) the vehicle is stopped; or (2) the wireless communication device is used with a hands-free device. (b-1) Except as provided by Subsection (b-2), a local authority that enforces this section in a school crossing zone in the local authority's jurisdiction shall post a sign, or approve the posting of a sign by a school or school district, that complies with the standards described by this subsection at each entrance to the school crossing zone. The Texas Department of Transportation shall adopt standards that: (1) allow for a sign required to be posted under this subsection to be attached to an existing sign at a minimal cost; and (2) require that a sign required to be posted under this subsection inform an operator that: (A) the use of a wireless communication device is prohibited in the school crossing zone; and (B) the operator is subject to a fine if the operator uses a wireless communication device in the school crossing zone. (b-2) A local authority that by ordinance or rule prohibits the use of a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle, including a prohibition that contains an exception for the use of a wireless communication device with a hands-free device, throughout the jurisdiction of the local authority is not required to post a sign as required by Subsection (b-1) and shall: (1) post signs that are located at each point at which a state highway, U.S. highway, or interstate highway enters the jurisdiction of the local authority and that state: (A) that an operator is prohibited from using a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle in the jurisdiction of the local authority, and whether use of a wireless communication device with a hands-free device is allowed in the jurisdiction of the local authority; and (B) that the operator is subject to a fine if the operator uses a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle in the jurisdiction of the local authority; and (2) subject to all applicable United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration rules, post a message that complies with Subdivision (1) on any dynamic message sign operated by the local authority located on a state highway, U.S. highway, or interstate highway in the jurisdiction of the local authority. (b-3) A sign posted under Subsection (b-2)(1) must be readable to an operator traveling at the applicable speed limit. (b-4) The local authority shall pay the costs associated with the posting of signs under Subsections (b-1) and (b-2), unless the authority enters an agreement providing otherwise. (c) An operator may not use a wireless communication device while operating a school bus or passenger bus with a minor passenger on the bus unless the bus is stopped. (d) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution of an offense under this section that: (1) the wireless communication device was used to make an emergency call to: (A) an emergency response service, including a rescue, emergency medical, or hazardous material response service; (B) a hospital; (C) a fire department; (D) a health clinic; (E) a medical doctor's office; (F) an individual to administer first aid treatment; or (G) a police department; or (2) a sign required by Subsection (b-1) was not posted at the entrance to the school crossing zone at the time of an offense committed in the school crossing zone. (d-1) The affirmative defense available in Subsection (d)(2) is not available for an offense under Subsection (b) committed in a school crossing zone located in the jurisdiction of a local authority that is in compliance with Subsection (b-2). (e) This section does not apply to: (1) an operator of an authorized emergency vehicle using a wireless communication device while acting in an official capacity; or (2) an operator who is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a wireless communication device. (e-1) Subsection (c) does not apply to an operator of a school bus or passenger bus using a wireless communication device: (1) in the performance of the operator's duties as a bus driver; and (2) in a manner similar to using a two-way radio. (f) Except as provided by Subsection (b-2), this section preempts all local ordinances, rules, or regulations that are inconsistent with specific provisions of this section adopted by a political subdivision of this state relating to the use of a wireless communication device by the operator of a motor vehicle. Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 357 (S.B. 1257 ), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2005. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1105 (H.B. 55 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 774 (H.B. 1899 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.426. OPERATION OF SCHOOL BUS.

(a) A person may not operate a school bus if: (1) the door of the school bus is open; or (2) the number of passengers on the bus is greater than the manufacturer's design capacity for the bus. (b) An operator of a school bus, while operating the bus, shall prohibit a passenger from: (1) standing in the bus; or (2) sitting: (A) on the floor of the bus; or (B) in any location on the bus that is not designed as a seat. (c) The department may adopt rules necessary to administer and enforce this section. Added by Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 923 (H.B. 3190 ), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2007.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.427. OPERATION OF VEHICLE WITH INSUFFICIENT UNDERCARRIAGE CLEARANCE.

(a) An operator may not drive on or cross a railroad grade crossing unless the vehicle being operated has sufficient undercarriage clearance. (b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200. Added by Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 424 (S.B. 1372 ), Sec. 12, eff. January 1, 2008. Renumbered from Transportation Code, Section 545.426 by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 87 (S.B. 1969 ), Sec. 27.001(108), eff. September 1, 2009.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.428. MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISION INVOLVING PEDESTRIAN OR OTHER VULNERABLE ROAD USER WITHIN AREA OF CROSSWALK; OFFENSE.

(a) In this section: (1) "Electric personal assistive mobility device" has the meaning assigned by Section 551.201 . (2) "Golf cart" has the meaning assigned by Section 551.401 . (3) "Motor-assisted scooter" has the meaning assigned by Section 551.351 . (4) "Neighborhood electric vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 551.301 . (b) A person commits an offense if the person with criminal negligence: (1) operates a motor vehicle within the area of a crosswalk; and (2) causes bodily injury to a pedestrian or a person operating a bicycle, motor-assisted scooter, electronic personal assistive mobility device, neighborhood electric vehicle, or golf cart. (c) An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor, except that the offense is a state jail felony if the person described by Subsection (b)(2) suffered serious bodily injury. (d) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under this section that, at the time of the offense, the person described by Subsection (b)(2) was violating a provision of this subtitle relating to walking, movement, or operation in a crosswalk or on a roadway. (e) If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under any other law, the actor may be prosecuted under this section, the other law, or both. Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 944 (S.B. 1055 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.429. OPERATION OF MINIATURE VEHICLE.

(a) In this section, "miniature vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 502.001 . (b) A person may operate a miniature vehicle on a public highway only if: (1) the vehicle has been registered and titled in accordance with the laws of this state; and (2) the vehicle is capable of operating in compliance with applicable traffic laws in this title. Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 505 (S.B. 1816 ), Sec. 4, eff. June 20, 2025. SUBCHAPTER J. OPERATION OF AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLES

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.451. DEFINITIONS.

In this subchapter: (1) "Automated driving system" means hardware and software that, when installed on a motor vehicle and engaged, are collectively capable of operating the vehicle with Level 3 automation, Level 4 automation, or Level 5 automation by performing the entire dynamic driving task for the vehicle on a sustained basis, regardless of whether the system is limited to a specific operational design domain. (2) "Automated motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle on which an automated driving system is installed that is capable of being operated with Level 4 automation or Level 5 automation. (3) "Authorization holder" means a person granted authorization by the department under Section 545.456 to operate one or more automated motor vehicles. (4) "Board" means the board of the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles. (5) "Department," notwithstanding Section 541.002 , means the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles. (6) "Dynamic driving task" means the real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle. The term: (A) includes: (i) operational functions, including steering, braking, accelerating, and monitoring the vehicle and the roadway; and (ii) tactical functions, including responding to events, determining when to change lanes, turning, and using signals; and (B) does not include strategic aspects, including determining destinations or waypoints. (7) "Human driver" means a natural person in an automated motor vehicle who controls all or part of the dynamic driving task. (8) "Level 3 automation" means a standard of automation meeting the criteria for Level 3 specified in the SAE International Standard J3016 (April 2021). (9) "Level 4 automation" means a standard of automation meeting the criteria for Level 4 specified in the SAE International Standard J3016 (April 2021). (10) "Level 5 automation" means a standard of automation meeting the criteria for Level 5 specified in the SAE International Standard J3016 (April 2021). (11) "Minimal risk condition" means a stable and stopped condition to which a person or an automated driving system may bring an automated motor vehicle to reduce the risk of a collision when a given trip cannot or should not be continued. (12) "Operational design domain" means operating conditions under which an automated driving system or feature of the system is specifically designed to function, including environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions and the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.452. PROHIBITIONS ON REGULATION OF THE OPERATION OF AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLES OR AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS BY STATE AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION; EXEMPTION FROM CERTAIN TRAFFIC OR MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS.

(a) A state agency may not impose a regulation that discriminates against: (1) a person operating an automated motor vehicle; or (2) an automated motor vehicle relative to other types of motor vehicles or with respect to road usage. (b) A political subdivision of this state may not impose a franchise or other regulation related to the operation of an automated motor vehicle or automated driving system. (c) The Public Safety Commission by rule may exempt from the application of a specific traffic or motor vehicle law of this state automated motor vehicles if the commission determines that the exemption will not cause a risk to public safety. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.453. RULES.

The board may adopt rules necessary to administer this subchapter. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.454. VEHICLE OPERATORS.

(a) When an automated driving system installed on a motor vehicle is engaged, the automated driving system is the operator of the vehicle, including for purposes of assessing compliance with applicable traffic or motor vehicle laws. (b) When an automated driving system installed on an automated motor vehicle is engaged, the owner of, or if the vehicle is operating under an authorization issued by the department under Section 545.456 , the authorization holder for, the automated motor vehicle shall be issued any citation for a violation of traffic or motor vehicle laws related to the vehicle. (c) Notwithstanding any other law, neither a licensed human driver nor a license issued under Chapter 521 or 522 is required to operate an automated motor vehicle if the automated driving system installed on the vehicle is engaged. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.455. AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATION; OFFENSE.

(a) Any motor vehicle equipped with an automated driving system may operate in this state. An automated motor vehicle may operate in this state with the automated driving system engaged, regardless of whether a human driver is physically present in the automated motor vehicle. (b) Subject to Subsection (c), an automated motor vehicle may not operate on a highway or street in this state with the automated driving system engaged unless the vehicle is: (1) capable of operating in compliance with applicable traffic and motor vehicle laws of this state, subject to this subchapter; (2) equipped with a recording device, as defined by Section 547.615 (a), installed by the manufacturer of the automated motor vehicle or automated driving system; (3) equipped with an automated driving system in compliance with applicable federal law, including federal motor vehicle safety standards; (4) capable of achieving a minimal risk condition if a failure of the automated driving system occurs that renders the system unable to perform the dynamic driving task relevant to its intended operational design domain; (5) registered and titled in accordance with the laws of this state; and (6) covered by motor vehicle liability coverage or self-insurance in an amount equal to or greater than the amount of coverage that is required under the laws of this state or federal law, as applicable to the type and use of the vehicle. (c) In addition to satisfying the requirements of Subsection (b), a person may not operate an automated motor vehicle to transport property or passengers in furtherance of a commercial enterprise on a highway or street in this state without a human driver unless: (1) the person receives and maintains authorization to operate automated motor vehicles from the department under Section 545.456 ; and (2) the Department of Public Safety has been provided, in the form and manner prescribed by rule of the Public Safety Commission, a plan specifying how a person who provides firefighting, law enforcement, ambulance, medical, or other emergency services should interact with the automated motor vehicle during the provision of those services, including: (A) how to communicate with a fleet support specialist who is available during the period in which the vehicle is in operation; (B) how to safely remove the vehicle from the roadway and safely tow the vehicle; (C) how to recognize whether the vehicle is being operated with the automated driving system engaged; and (D) any additional information the person or the manufacturer of the vehicle or the automated driving system considers necessary regarding hazardous conditions or public safety risks associated with the operation of the vehicle. (d) A person commits an offense if the person operates an automated motor vehicle in violation of Subsection (c). An offense under this subsection is a Class B misdemeanor. If a corporation, an association, a limited liability company, or another business entity is convicted of an offense under this subsection, the entity shall be punished in accordance with Section 12.51 , Penal Code. (e) For purposes of Subsection (d), each day the person operates an automated motor vehicle in violation of Subsection (c) constitutes a separate offense. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.456. AUTHORIZATION TO OPERATE AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLE.

(a) The board by rule shall prescribe the form and manner by which a person may apply to the department for authorization to operate automated motor vehicles to transport property or passengers in furtherance of a commercial enterprise on highways and streets in this state without a human driver. (b) The rules adopted under Subsection (a) must require a person to provide the following to the department: (1) a written statement by the person that includes: (A) the person's contact information; and (B) vehicle descriptive information as prescribed by the department; (2) a written statement by the person or the manufacturer of the vehicle or the automated driving system acknowledging that each automated motor vehicle is: (A) capable of operating in compliance with applicable traffic and motor vehicle laws of this state, subject to this subchapter; (B) equipped with a recording device, as defined by Section 547.615 (a), installed by the manufacturer of the automated motor vehicle or automated driving system; (C) equipped with an automated driving system in compliance with applicable federal law, including federal motor vehicle safety standards; (D) capable of achieving a minimal risk condition if a failure of the automated driving system occurs that renders the system unable to perform the dynamic driving task relevant to its intended operational design domain; (E) registered and titled in accordance with the laws of this state; and (F) covered by motor vehicle liability coverage or self-insurance in an amount equal to or greater than the amount of coverage that is required under the laws of this state or federal law, as applicable to the type and use of the vehicle; and (3) a certification acknowledging that the Department of Public Safety has been provided the plan required by Section 545.455 (c)(2). (c) On receipt of an application under this section and verifying that the application complies with the rules adopted under Subsection (a), including satisfying the requirements described by Subsection (b), the department shall approve the application and issue a unique operating number to the applicant authorizing the operation of automated motor vehicles on highways and streets in this state without a human driver. (d) An authorization issued by the department under this section does not expire and remains active unless suspended, revoked, or canceled by the department. (e) The person issued an authorization under this section shall provide to the department in the form and manner prescribed by the department an update to a document described by Subsection (b)(1), (2), or (3) not later than the 30th day after the date material information in the document changes. (f) The department may immediately suspend, revoke, or cancel the authorization issued under this section if the authorization holder fails to comply with: (1) Subsection (e); or (2) department requests for an updated or current document described by Subsection (b)(1), (2), or (3). (g) The department shall promptly rescind a suspension, revocation, or cancellation imposed under Subsection (f) upon receiving the updated or current document as requested by the department. (h) A determination under Subsection (f) is not a contested case under Chapter 2001 , Government Code. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 973 (S.B. 2205 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.457. DUTIES FOLLOWING COLLISION INVOLVING AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLE.

In the event of a collision involving an automated motor vehicle, the automated motor vehicle, a person on behalf of the automated motor vehicle, or any human driver of the automated motor vehicle shall comply with Chapter 550 . Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1034 (S.B. 2807 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.458. APPLICABILITY OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS TO AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLE.

(a) In this section, "commercial motor vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 644.001 . (b) An automated motor vehicle that is a commercial motor vehicle shall operate in accordance with Subtitle F and any other applicable laws or regulations of this state or a political subdivision of this state governing the operation of a commercial motor vehicle, except that any provision of a commercial motor vehicle law that by its nature reasonably applies only to a human driver does not apply to an automated motor vehicle operating with the automated driving system engaged. Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1034 (S.B. 2807 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.459. ENFORCEMENT.

(a) If the department determines that an automated motor vehicle operating under an authorization issued by the department under Section 545.456 is not in safe operational condition and the operation of the vehicle on a highway or street in this state endangers the public, the department shall provide to the authorization holder for the vehicle a notice of intent to: (1) suspend, revoke, or cancel the authorization issued under this subchapter for the vehicle; or (2) impose restrictions on the operation of the vehicle. (b) For purposes of Subsection (a), the operation of an automated motor vehicle endangers the public when the operation has resulted in or is likely to result in serious bodily injury as defined by Section 1.07 , Penal Code. (c) A notice of intent under Subsection (a) must: (1) include a summary of the department's determination and evidence supporting the determination; (2) provide the authorization holder with a reasonable period to: (A) correct the issues identified in the department's determination; and (B) provide to the department the certification described by Subsection (d)(2); and (3) specify which enforcement actions described by Subsections (a)(1) and (2) the department will take if the authorization holder fails to complete the actions described by Subdivision (2) within the specified period. (d) Before the expiration of the period specified in a notice of intent provided under Subsection (a), the authorization holder shall: (1) ensure the issues identified by the department in the notice are corrected; and (2) provide to the department, in the form and manner prescribed by the department, a certification acknowledging that the issues identified by the department in the notice have been corrected. (e) The department may extend the period specified in a notice provided under Subsection (a) on a written request for an extension that the department determines is reasonable. (f) A certification provided under Subsection (d) must include an explanation of how the issues identified by the department in the notice of intent have been corrected, such as identifying specific adjustments made to the automated driving system or operational measures implemented. (g) If the authorization holder fails to comply with Subsection (d), the department shall: (1) issue a decision, as specified in the notice of intent, that: (A) suspends, revokes, or cancels the authorization issued under this subchapter for the vehicle; or (B) imposes restrictions on the operation of the vehicle; and (2) notify the authorization holder of the decision issued by the department under Subdivision (1). (h) An authorization holder notified of a decision issued under Subsection (g) may submit a written request to the department for review of the decision not later than the 10th day after the date the department issued the decision. Not later than the 10th day after the date the department receives a request under this subsection, the department shall review the decision and issue a final determination to the authorization holder either upholding or rescinding the decision. If the authorization holder does not submit a request for review of a decision issued under Subsection (g) during the period provided by this subsection, the decision becomes a final determination on the 11th day after the date the department issued the decision. (i) A suspension, revocation, cancellation, or restriction under this section takes effect on the date of the final determination of the decision under Subsection (h). (j) The department shall promptly rescind a suspension, revocation, or cancellation under this section or remove a restriction under this section at any time if the authorization holder subsequently takes the actions required by Subsections (d)(1) and (2). (k) An authorization holder aggrieved by an action of the department under Subsection (h) may submit a written request for a hearing not later than the 10th day after the date of the department's final determination under that subsection. The department shall file a request with the State Office of Administrative Hearings for an expedited hearing not later than the 10th day after the date the authorization holder requests the hearing. The State Office of Administrative Hearings shall hold a hearing requested under this subsection not later than the 60th day after the date of the department's final determination under Subsection (h). If a hearing is not held during the period required by this subsection, the authorization issued under this subchapter shall be automatically reinstated or the restriction imposed automatically removed, as applicable. (l) The contested case provisions of Chapter 2001 , Government Code, including the right to judicial review, apply to a proceeding under Subsection (k). (m) Except as provided by Section 545.456 , this section provides the exclusive means by which the department may: (1) suspend, revoke, or cancel an authorization issued under this subchapter for an automated motor vehicle; or (2) otherwise restrict the operation of an automated motor vehicle operating under an authorization issued by the department under Section 545.456 . Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1034 (S.B. 2807 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.0605. OPERATION OF MOTORCYCLES ON ROADWAY LANED FOR TRAFFIC.

(a) The operator of a motorcycle: (1) is entitled to full use of a lane and, except as otherwise provided by Subdivision (2), a motor vehicle may not be driven in a manner that deprives a motorcycle of the full use of a lane; (2) may operate the motorcycle two abreast in a single lane with another motorcycle; and (3) may not; (A) operate the motorcycle more than two abreast in a single lane with other motorcycles; (B) operate the motorcycle between lanes of traffic moving in the same direction; or (C) pass a motor vehicle while in the same lane as the vehicle being passed. (b) Subsection (a)(3) does not apply to a police officer in the performance of the officer's official duties. Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 756 (H.B. 4122 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.0651. RESTRICTION ON USE OF HIGHWAY.

(a) In this section: (1) "Commission" means the Texas Transportation Commission. (1-a) "Department" means the Texas Department of Transportation. (2) "Highway" means a public highway that: (A) is in the designated state highway system; (B) is designated a controlled access facility; and (C) has a minimum of three travel lanes, excluding access or frontage roads, in each direction of traffic that may be part of a single roadway or may be separate roadways that are constructed as an upper and lower deck. (b) The commission by order may restrict, by class of vehicle, through traffic to two or more designated lanes of a highway. If the lanes to be restricted by the commission are located within a municipality, the commission shall consult with the municipality before adopting an order under this section. A municipality by ordinance may restrict, by class of vehicle, through traffic to two or more designated lanes of a highway in the municipality. (c) An order or ordinance under Subsection (b) must allow a restricted vehicle to use any lane of the highway to pass another vehicle and to enter and exit the highway. (d) Before adopting an ordinance, a municipality shall submit to the department a description of the proposed restriction. The municipality may not enforce the restrictions unless the department's executive director or the executive director's designee has approved the restrictions. (e) Department approval under Subsection (d) must: (1) be based on a traffic study performed by the department to evaluate the effect of the proposed restriction; and (2) to the greatest extent practicable, ensure a systems approach to preclude the designation of inconsistent lane restrictions among adjacent municipalities. (f) The department's executive director or the executive director's designee may suspend or rescind approval of any restrictions approved under Subsection (d) for one or more of the following reasons: (1) a change in pavement conditions; (2) a change in traffic conditions; (3) a geometric change in roadway configuration; (4) construction or maintenance activity; or (5) emergency or incident management. (g) The department shall erect and maintain official traffic control devices necessary to implement and enforce an order adopted or an ordinance adopted and approved under this section. A restriction approved under this section may not be enforced until the appropriate traffic control devices are in place. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 384, Sec. 1, eff. May 28, 1997. Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1049, Sec. 9, eff. June 20, 2003.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.0652. COUNTY RESTRICTION ON USE OF HIGHWAY.

(a) In this section: (1) "Department" means the Texas Department of Transportation. (2) "Highway" means a public roadway that: (A) is in the designated state highway system; (B) is designated a controlled access facility; and (C) has a minimum of three travel lanes, excluding access or frontage roads, in each direction of traffic. (b) A county commissioners court by order may restrict, by class of vehicle, through traffic to two or more designated lanes of a highway located in the county and outside the jurisdiction of a municipality. (c) An order under Subsection (b) must allow a restricted vehicle to use any lane of the highway to pass another vehicle and to enter and exit the highway. (d) Before issuing an order under this section, the commissioners court shall submit to the department a description of the proposed restriction. The commissioners court may not enforce the restrictions unless: (1) the department's executive director or the executive director's designee has approved the restrictions; and (2) the appropriate traffic-control devices are in place. (e) Department approval under Subsection (d) must to the greatest extent practicable ensure a systems approach to preclude the designation of inconsistent lane restrictions among adjacent counties or municipalities. (f) The department's executive director or the executive director's designee may suspend or rescind approval under this section for one or more of the following reasons: (1) a change in pavement conditions; (2) a change in traffic conditions; (3) a geometric change in roadway configuration; (4) construction or maintenance activity; or (5) emergency or incident management. (g) The department shall erect and maintain official traffic-control devices necessary to implement and enforce an order issued and approved under this section. Added by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 846, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.0653. RESTRICTION ON USE OF HIGHWAY IN MAINTENANCE OR CONSTRUCTION WORK ZONE.

(a) In this section: (1) "Commercial motor vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 548.001 . (2) "Construction or maintenance work zone" has the meaning assigned by Section 472.022 . (3) "Department" means the Texas Department of Transportation. (4) "Executive director" means the executive director of the department. (b) The executive director or the executive director's designee may restrict a commercial motor vehicle to a specific lane of traffic in a construction or maintenance work zone for a highway that is part of the state highway system if the executive director or the executive director's designee determines that, based on a traffic study performed by the department to evaluate the effect of the restriction, the restriction is necessary to improve safety. (c) The department shall erect and maintain official traffic control devices necessary to implement and enforce a lane restriction imposed under this section. A lane restriction may not be enforced until the appropriate traffic control devices are in place. (d) The executive director or the executive director's designee may rescind a lane restriction imposed under this section at any time that the executive director or the executive director's designee determines that the restriction is no longer necessary to improve safety. (e) A lane restriction imposed under this section expires when the lane that is subject to the restriction is no longer in a construction or maintenance work zone. (f) The department shall remove traffic control devices erected under this section if the lane restriction is rescinded under Subsection (d) or expires under Subsection (e). Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 578 (H.B. 3225 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.2535. SCHOOL BUSES TO STOP AT ALL RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS.

(a) Except as provided by Subsection (c), the operator of a school bus, before crossing a track at a railroad grade crossing: (1) shall stop the vehicle not closer than 15 feet or farther than 50 feet from the track; (2) while stopped, shall listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train or other on-track equipment and signals indicating the approach of a train or other on-track equipment; and (3) may not proceed until it is safe to do so. (b) After stopping as required by Subsection (a), the operator may proceed in a gear that permits the vehicle to complete the crossing without a change of gears. The operator may not shift gears while crossing the track. (c) An operator is not required to stop at: (1) an abandoned railroad grade crossing that is marked with a sign reading "tracks out of service"; or (2) an industrial or spur line railroad grade crossing that is marked with a sign reading "exempt." (d) A sign under Subsection (c) may be erected only by or with the consent of the appropriate state or local governmental official. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1061, Sec. 16, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1438, Sec. 11, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.2555. REPORT AND INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN RAILROAD CROSSING VIOLATIONS.

(a) A person who on site observes a violation of Section 545.251 , 545.252 , 545.253 , 545.254 , or 545.255 may file a report of the violation if the person: (1) is an on-engine employee of a railroad; and (2) observes the violation while on a moving engine. (b) A report under this section must: (1) be made: (A) on a form approved by the department; and (B) not later than 72 hours after the violation; (2) be filed with: (A) an office of the department located in the county in which the violation occurred; (B) the sheriff of the county in which the violation occurred, if the violation occurred in the unincorporated area of the county; or (C) the police department of a municipality, if the violation occurred in the municipality; and (3) contain, in addition, to any other required information: (A) the date, time, and location of the violation; (B) the license plate number and a description of the vehicle involved in the violation; (C) a description of the operator of the vehicle involved in the violation; and (D) the name, address, and telephone number of the person filing the report. (c) A peace officer may: (1) before the seventh day after the date a report under this section is filed, initiate an investigation of the alleged violation; and (2) request the owner of the reported vehicle, as shown by the vehicle registration records of the Texas Department of Transportation, to disclose the name and address of the individual operating that vehicle at the time of the violation alleged in the report. (d) Unless the owner of the reported vehicle believes that to provide the peace officer with the name and address of the individual operating the vehicle at the time of the violation alleged would incriminate the owner, the owner shall, to the best of the owner's ability, disclose that individual's name and address. (e) An investigating peace officer who has probable cause to believe that a charge against an individual for a violation of Section 545.251 , 545.252 , 545.253 , 545.254 , or 545.255 is justified may: (1) prepare a written notice to appear in court that complies with Sections 543.003 , 543.006 , and 543.007 ; and (2) deliver the notice to the individual named in the notice in person or by certified mail. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 165, Sec. 30.108(a), eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3051. REMOVAL OF PERSONAL PROPERTY FROM ROADWAY OR RIGHT-OF-WAY.

(a) In this section: (1) "Authority" means: (A) a metropolitan rapid transit authority operating under Chapter 451 ; or (B) a regional transportation authority operating under Chapter 452 . (1-a) "Fire department" has the meaning assigned by Section 419.021 , Government Code. (2) "Law enforcement agency" means: (A) the department; (B) the police department of a municipality; (C) the sheriff's office of a county; or (D) a constable's office of a county. (3) "Personal property" means: (A) a vehicle described by Section 545.305 ; (B) spilled cargo; (C) a hazardous material as defined by 49 U.S.C. Section 5102 and its subsequent amendments; (D) a hazardous substance as defined by Section 26.263 , Water Code; or (E) an unattended manufactured home as defined by Section 1201.003 , Occupations Code. (b) An authority, a fire department, or a law enforcement agency may remove personal property from a roadway or right-of-way if the authority, fire department, or law enforcement agency determines that the property blocks the roadway or endangers public safety. (c) Personal property may be removed under this section without the consent of the owner or carrier of the property. (d) The owner and any carrier of personal property removed under this section shall reimburse the authority, fire department, or law enforcement agency for any reasonable cost of removal and disposition of the property. (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an authority, a fire department, or a law enforcement agency is not liable for: (1) any damage to personal property removed from a roadway or right-of-way under this section, unless the removal is carried out recklessly or in a grossly negligent manner; or (2) any damage resulting from the failure to exercise the authority granted by this section. (f) The governing body of a political subdivision that has a fire department shall develop and implement a policy concerning the fire department consulting with law enforcement agencies regarding removal of personal property from a roadway or right-of-way. Added by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 803, Sec. 1, eff. June 20, 2003.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3075. OVERNIGHT PARKING OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE NEAR CERTAIN APARTMENT COMPLEXES.

(a) In this section: (1) "Apartment complex" means two or more dwellings in one or more buildings that are owned by the same owner, located on the same lot or tract, and managed by the same owner, agent, or management company. (2) "Commercial motor vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 545.307 . (b) This section applies only to the unincorporated area of a county with a population of more than 3.3 million. (c) The owner or manager of an apartment complex may make a request to the county in which the apartment complex is located for the posting of official signs prohibiting the parking of a commercial motor vehicle in a public right-of-way adjacent to the complex after 10 p.m. and before 6 a.m. A request under this subsection must be signed and in writing. (d) A county receiving a request under Subsection (c) may post one or more signs as requested or as the county determines to be necessary. (e) A sign posted under Subsection (d) must: (1) be posted in the public right-of-way: (A) not more than 10 feet from the property line of the apartment complex; and (B) facing the roadway; and (2) include: (A) a statement, in letters at least two inches in height, that parking of a commercial motor vehicle is prohibited from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. in the public right-of-way or portion of the public right-of-way; and (B) arrows clearly indicating the area of the public right-of-way subject to the parking restriction. (f) This section does not apply to a vehicle owned by a commercial establishment that is parked in the public right-of-way adjacent to the property where the establishment is located. (g) This section does not apply to public rights-of-way that are part of the state highway system. Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 913 (H.B. 3286 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3531. AUTHORITY OF DISTRICT ENGINEER TO TEMPORARILY LOWER SPEED LIMIT AT HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY SITE.

(a) A district engineer of the Texas Department of Transportation may temporarily lower a prima facie speed limit for a highway or part of a highway in a district if the district engineer determines that the prima facie speed limit for the highway or part of highway is unreasonable or unsafe because of highway maintenance activities at the site. (b) A district engineer may temporarily lower a prima facie speed limit under this section without the approval of or permission from the Texas Transportation Commission. (c) A temporary speed limit established under this section: (1) is a prima facie prudent and reasonable speed limit enforceable in the same manner as other prima facie speed limits established under other provisions of this subchapter; and (2) supersedes any other established speed limit that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed. (d) After a district engineer temporarily lowers a speed limit under this section, the Texas Department of Transportation shall: (1) place and maintain at the maintenance activity site temporary speed limit signs that conform to the manual and specifications adopted under Section 544.001 ; (2) temporarily conceal all other signs on the highway or part of a highway affected by the maintenance activity that give notice of a speed limit that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed; and (3) remove all temporary speed limit signs placed under Subdivision (1) and concealments of other signs placed under Subdivision (2) when the temporary speed limit expires under Subsection (f). (e) A temporary speed limit established under this section is effective when the Texas Department of Transportation, as required under Subsection (d), places temporary speed limit signs and conceals other signs that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed. (f) A temporary speed limit established under this section: (1) is effective until the earlier of: (A) the 45th day after the date the limit becomes effective; or (B) the date on which the district engineer determines that the maintenance activity has been completed and all equipment has been removed from the maintenance activity site; and (2) may not be extended unless established by the Texas Transportation Commission under Section 545.353 . Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 712 (H.B. 3282 ), Sec. 1, eff. June 15, 2021.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3535. AUTHORITY OF TEXAS TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION TO ALTER SPEED LIMITS ON CERTAIN ROADS.

(a) The commissioners court of a county by resolution may request the Texas Transportation Commission to determine and declare a reasonable and safe prima facie speed limit that is lower than a speed limit established by Section 545.352 on any part of a farm-to-market or a ranch-to-market road of the highway system that is located in that county and is without improved shoulders. (b) The commission shall give consideration to local public opinion and may determine and declare a lower speed limit on any part of the road without an engineering and traffic investigation, but the commission must use sound and generally accepted traffic engineering practices in determining and declaring the lower speed limit. (c) The commission by rule shall establish standards for determining lower speed limits within a set range. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1171, Sec. 1.45, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1346, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3561. AUTHORITY OF MUNICIPALITY OR COUNTY TO TEMPORARILY LOWER SPEED LIMIT AT VEHICULAR COLLISION RECONSTRUCTION SITE.

(a) The governing body of a municipality by ordinance may give a designated official with transportation engineering experience establishing speed limits discretion to temporarily lower a prima facie speed limit for a highway or part of a highway in the municipality, including a highway of the state highway system, at the site of an investigation using vehicular collision reconstruction. (b) A county commissioners court by order may give a designated official with transportation engineering experience establishing speed limits discretion to temporarily lower prima facie speed limits for a county road or highway outside the boundaries of a municipality at the site of an investigation using vehicular collision reconstruction. The authority granted under this subsection does not include a road or highway in the state highway system. (c) The Texas Department of Transportation shall develop safety guidelines for the use of vehicular collision reconstruction in investigations. A municipality, county, or designated official shall comply with the guidelines. (d) A designated official may temporarily lower prima facie speed limits without the approval of or permission from the Texas Department of Transportation. A designated official who intends to temporarily lower a prima facie speed limit at the site of an investigation using vehicular collision reconstruction shall, at least 48 hours before temporary speed limit signs are posted for the vehicular collision reconstruction site, provide to the Texas Department of Transportation notice that includes: (1) the date and time of the collision reconstruction; (2) the location of the collision reconstruction site; (3) the entities involved at the site; (4) the general size of the area affected by the site; and (5) an estimate of how long the site will be used for the collision reconstruction. (e) A temporary speed limit established under this section: (1) is a prima facie prudent and reasonable speed limit enforceable in the same manner as other prima facie speed limits established under other provisions of this subchapter; and (2) supersedes any other established speed limit that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed. (f) A designated official who temporarily lowers a speed limit shall: (1) place and maintain at the vehicular collision reconstruction site temporary speed limit signs that conform to the manual and specifications adopted under Section 544.001 ; (2) temporarily conceal all other signs on the highway segment affected by the vehicular collision reconstruction site that give notice of a speed limit that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed; and (3) remove all temporary speed limit signs placed under Subdivision (1) and concealments of other signs placed under Subdivision (2) when the official finds that the vehicular collision reconstruction is complete and all equipment is removed from the vehicular collision reconstruction site. (g) A temporary speed limit established under this section is effective when a designated official places temporary speed limit signs and conceals other signs that would permit a person to operate a motor vehicle at a higher rate of speed as required under Subsection (f). (h) A temporary speed limit established under this section is effective until the designated official under Subsection (a) or (b): (1) finds that the vehicular collision reconstruction is complete; and (2) removes all temporary signs, concealments, and equipment used at the vehicular collision reconstruction site. (i) If a designated official does not comply with the requirements of Subsection (f)(3) for a vehicular collision reconstruction on a state highway associated with the reconstruction, the Texas Department of Transportation may remove signs and concealments. Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 216 (H.B. 109 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.3625. CONFIDENTIALITY OF VIOLATION INFORMATION: FUEL CONSERVATION SPEED LIMIT.

(a) If a person violates a maximum prima facie speed limit imposed under Section 545.362 , as that law existed immediately before December 8, 1995, and the person was not traveling at a speed, as alleged in the citation, if not contested by the person, or, if contested by the person, as alleged in the complaint and found by the court, that is greater than the maximum prima facie speed limit for the location that has been established under this chapter, other than under Section 545.362 , information in the custody of the department concerning the violation is confidential. (b) The department may not release the information to any person or to another state governmental entity. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 165, Sec. 30.112(a), eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4121. DISMISSAL; OBTAINING CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY SEAT SYSTEM.

(a) This section applies to an offense committed under Section 545.412 . (b) It is a defense to prosecution of an offense to which this section applies that the defendant provides to the court evidence satisfactory to the court that: (1) at the time of the offense: (A) the defendant was not arrested or issued a citation for violation of any other offense; (B) the defendant did not possess a child passenger safety seat system in the vehicle; and (C) the vehicle the defendant was operating was not involved in a collision; and (2) subsequent to the time of the offense, the defendant obtained an appropriate child passenger safety seat system for each child required to be secured in a child passenger safety seat system under Section 545.412 (a). Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 913 (H.B. 183 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2005. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1391 (H.B. 1294 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2013. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1391 (H.B. 1294 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4145. RIDING IN OR ON BOAT OR PERSONAL WATERCRAFT DRAWN BY VEHICLE; OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person operates a motor vehicle on a highway or street when a child younger than 18 years of age is occupying a boat or personal watercraft being drawn by the motor vehicle. (b) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that the person was: (1) operating the motor vehicle in a parade or in an emergency; or (2) operating the motor vehicle on a beach. (c) In this section, "boat" and "personal watercraft" have the meanings assigned by Section 31.003 , Parks and Wildlife Code. Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1172 (H.B. 2981 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2011.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4165. OPERATION OF CERTAIN MOTORCYCLES.

A person may not operate a motorcycle described by Section 521.001 (a)(6-a)(C)(vii) on a public highway for which the posted speed limit is more than 45 miles per hour, except that the operator may cross an intersection with a public highway that has a posted speed limit of more than 45 miles per hour. Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1217 (S.B. 1756 ), Sec. 5, eff. June 19, 2015.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4191. PERSON RIDING IN TRAILER OR SEMITRAILER DRAWN BY TRUCK, ROAD TRACTOR, OR TRUCK TRACTOR.

(a) A person may not operate a truck, road tractor, or truck tractor when another person occupies a trailer or semitrailer being drawn by the truck, road tractor, or truck tractor. (b) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that: (1) the person was operating or towing the vehicle: (A) in a parade or in an emergency; (B) to transport farmworkers from one field to another field on a farm-to-market road, ranch-to-market road, or county road outside a municipality; or (C) in a hayride permitted by the governing body of or a law enforcement agency of each county or municipality in which the hayride will occur; (2) the person operating or towing the vehicle did not know that another person occupied the trailer or semitrailer; or (3) the person occupying the trailer or semitrailer was in a part of the trailer or semitrailer designed for human habitation. (c) An offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor. Added by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 641, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4205. INTERFERENCE WITH PEACE OFFICER INVESTIGATION OF HIGHWAY RACING OR RECKLESS DRIVING EXHIBITION; CRIMINAL OFFENSE.

(a) A person commits an offense if the person uses the person's body, a car, or a barricade to knowingly impede or otherwise interfere with a peace officer's investigation of conduct prohibited under Section 545.420 or a reckless driving exhibition, as defined by Section 42.03 , Penal Code. (b) An offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor. (c) If conduct constituting an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under any other law, the actor may be prosecuted under this section, the other law, or both. Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 1495 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4251. USE OF PORTABLE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE FOR ELECTRONIC MESSAGING; OFFENSE.

(a) In this section: (1) "Electronic message" means data that is read from or entered into a wireless communication device for the purpose of communicating with another person. (2) "Wireless communication device" has the meaning assigned by Section 545.425 . (b) An operator commits an offense if the operator uses a portable wireless communication device to read, write, or send an electronic message while operating a motor vehicle unless the vehicle is stopped. To be prosecuted, the behavior must be committed in the presence of or within the view of a peace officer or established by other evidence. (c) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution of an offense under this section that the operator used a portable wireless communication device: (1) in conjunction with a hands-free device, as defined by Section 545.425 ; (2) to navigate using a global positioning system or navigation system; (3) to report illegal activity, summon emergency help, or enter information into a software application that provides information relating to traffic and road conditions to users of the application; (4) to read an electronic message that the person reasonably believed concerned an emergency; (5) that was permanently or temporarily affixed to the vehicle to relay information in the course of the operator's occupational duties between the operator and: (A) a dispatcher; or (B) a digital network or software application service; or (6) to activate a function that plays music. (d) Subsection (b) does not apply to: (1) an operator of an authorized emergency or law enforcement vehicle using a portable wireless communication device while acting in an official capacity; or (2) an operator who is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a portable wireless communication device. (e) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of at least $25 and not more than $99 unless it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant has been previously convicted at least one time of an offense under this section, in which event the offense is punishable by a fine of at least $100 and not more than $200. (f) Notwithstanding Subsection (e), an offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $4,000 and confinement in jail for a term not to exceed one year if it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant caused the death or serious bodily injury of another person. (g) If conduct constituting an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under any other law, the person may be prosecuted under this section, the other law, or both. (h) The Texas Department of Transportation shall post a sign at each point at which an interstate highway or United States highway enters this state that informs an operator that: (1) the use of a portable wireless communication device for electronic messaging while operating a motor vehicle is prohibited in this state; and (2) the operator is subject to a fine if the operator uses a portable wireless communication device for electronic messaging while operating a motor vehicle in this state. (i) A peace officer who stops a motor vehicle for an alleged violation of this section may not take possession of or otherwise inspect a portable wireless communication device in the possession of the operator unless authorized by the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Penal Code, or other law. (j) This section preempts all local ordinances, rules, or other regulations adopted by a political subdivision relating to the use of a portable wireless communication device by the operator of a motor vehicle to read, write, or send an electronic message. Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 62 ), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.

Tex. TRANSP Code § 545.4252. USE OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE ON SCHOOL PROPERTY; OFFENSE.

(a) In this section: (1) "Hands-free device" has the meaning assigned by Section 545.425 . (2) "Wireless communication device" has the meaning assigned by Section 545.425 . (b) Except as provided by Section 545.425 (c), an operator may not use a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle on the property of a public elementary, middle, junior high, or high school for which a local authority has designated a school crossing zone, during the time a reduced speed limit is in effect for the school crossing zone, unless: (1) the vehicle is stopped; or (2) the wireless communication device is used with a hands-free device. (c) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution of an offense under this section that the wireless communication device was used to make an emergency call to: (1) an emergency response service, including a rescue, emergency medical, or hazardous material response service; (2) a hospital; (3) a fire department; (4) a health clinic; (5) a medical doctor's office; (6) an individual to administer first aid treatment; or (7) a police department. (d) This section does not apply to: (1) an operator of an authorized emergency vehicle using a wireless communication device while acting in an official capacity; or (2) an operator who is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission while operating a radio frequency device other than a wireless communication device. (e) This section preempts all local ordinances, rules, or regulations that are inconsistent with specific provisions of this section adopted by a political subdivision of this state relating to the use of a wireless communication device by the operator of a motor vehicle, except that a political subdivision may by ordinance or rule prohibit the use of a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle throughout the jurisdiction of the political subdivision. Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 240 (H.B. 347 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2013.
Source: TX Statutes (Official Site)URL: https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Fetched: 6/29/2026