Md. Code, Commercial Law, Title 21

Md. Code, Commercial Law, Title 21
in effect

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-101

(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated. (b) “Agreement” means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances and from rules, regulations, and procedures given the effect of agreements under laws otherwise applicable to a particular transaction. (c) “Automated transaction” means a transaction conducted or performed, in whole or in part, by electronic means or electronic records, in which the acts or records of one or both parties are not reviewed by an individual in the ordinary course of forming a contract, performing under an existing contract, or fulfilling an obligation required by the transaction. (d) “Computer program” means a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in an information processing system in order to bring about a certain result. (d–1) “Consumer” has the meaning stated in § 13–101 of this article. (e) “Contract” means the total legal obligation resulting from the parties’ agreement as affected by this title and other applicable law. (e–1) “Dealer” has the meaning stated in § 15–101 of the Transportation Article. (f) “Electronic” means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities. (g) “Electronic agent” means a computer program or an electronic or other automated means used independently to initiate an action or respond to electronic records or performances in whole or in part, without review or action by an individual. (h) “Electronic record” means a record created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored by electronic means. (i) “Electronic signature” means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record. (j) “Governmental agency” means an executive, legislative, or judicial agency, department, board, commission, authority, institution, unit, or instrumentality of the federal government or of a state or of a county, municipality, or other political subdivision of a state. (k) “Information” includes data, text, images, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, and databases. (l) “Information processing system” means an electronic system for creating, generating, sending, receiving, storing, displaying, or processing information. (m) “Person” means an individual, corporation, business trust, statutory trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, governmental agency, public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity. (n) “Record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form. (o) “Security procedure” means a procedure employed for the purpose of verifying that an electronic signature, record, or performance is that of a specific person or for detecting changes or errors in the information in an electronic record. The term includes a procedure that requires the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, or callback or other acknowledgment procedures. (p) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The term includes an Indian tribe or band, or Alaskan native village, which is recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a state. (q) “Transaction” means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, or governmental affairs. (r) “Vehicle” has the meaning stated in § 11–176 of the Transportation Article.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-102

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, this title applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This title does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; (2) The Maryland Uniform Commercial Code, other than §§ 1-107 and 1-206 and Titles 2 and 2A; (3) The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act; (4) A law or regulation governing notice of: (i) The cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, and power; (ii) Default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure, eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement, mortgage, or a rental agreement for a primary residence of an individual; (iii) The cancellation or termination of health insurance, health insurance benefits, or life insurance benefits, excluding annuities; or (iv) Recall of a product, or material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or safety; and (5) A law governing adoption, divorce, or other family law matters. (c) This title does not apply to: (1) Court orders, notices, or official court documents, except as provided in the Maryland Rules; or (2) Documents required to accompany transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides, or other toxic or dangerous materials. (d) This title applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this title under subsection (b) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b) of this section. (e) A transaction subject to this title is also subject to other applicable substantive law. (f) The provisions of this title may not modify, limit, or supersede the provisions of the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act as it relates to use of an electronic record to provide or make available information that is required to be provided or made available in writing to a consumer.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-103

This title applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after the effective date of this title.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-104

(a) This title does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (b) (1) This title applies only to transactions between parties, each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. (2) Whether the parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct. (3) Except for a separate and optional agreement the primary purpose of which is to authorize a transaction to be conducted by electronic means, a provision to conduct a transaction electronically may not be contained in a standard form contract unless that provision is conspicuously displayed and separately consented to. (4) An agreement to conduct a transaction electronically may not be inferred solely from the fact that a party has used electronic means to pay an account or register a purchase warranty. (5) (i) Except as provided in paragraph (6) of this subsection, only a dealer may contract for the sale and delivery of a vehicle by electronic means. (ii) A consumer shall be deemed not to have agreed to enter into a transaction for the sale or lease of a vehicle with a dealer by electronic means unless the dealer provides the consumer with: 1. A clear and readable copy of each document signed by the consumer and the dealer in an electronic or written format; and 2. Reasonable opportunity for the consumer to review the documents before providing an electronic signature. (iii) If the vehicle is not delivered to the consumer at the dealership on execution by the dealer and consumer of a vehicle contract by electronic means, the dealer shall deliver the vehicle from the dealer’s primary business location to a physical address provided by the consumer and at a date and time: 1. Agreed on by the buyer and the dealer; and 2. That is within 7 business days after the execution of the vehicle contract unless the consumer agrees in writing to a different delivery date. (6) (i) A person described under § 15–101(c)(3)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), or (ix) of the Transportation Article may contract for the sale of a vehicle by electronic means. (ii) A consumer shall be deemed not to have agreed to enter into a transaction for the sale or lease of a vehicle with a person described under § 15–101(c)(3)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), or (ix) of the Transportation Article unless the consumer is provided with: 1. A clear and readable copy of each document signed by the consumer and the seller in an electronic or a written format; and 2. Reasonable opportunity for the consumer to review the documents before providing an electronic signature. (7) This subsection may not be varied by agreement. (c) (1) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. (2) The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (d) (1) Except as otherwise provided in this title, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. (2) The presence in provisions of this title of the words “unless otherwise agreed”, or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this title and other applicable law.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-105

This title must be construed and applied: (1) To facilitate electronic transactions consistent with other applicable law; (2) To be consistent with reasonable practices concerning electronic transactions and with the continued expansion of those practices; and (3) To effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this title among states enacting it.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-106

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-107

(a) (1) If parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means and a law requires a person to provide, send, or deliver information in writing to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is provided, sent, or delivered in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. (2) An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record. (b) If a law other than this title requires a record to be posted or displayed in a certain manner, to be sent, communicated, or transmitted by a specified method, or to contain information that is formatted in a certain manner, the following rules apply: (1) The record must be posted or displayed in the manner specified in the other law; (2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(2) of this section, the record must be sent, communicated, or transmitted by the method specified in the other law; and (3) The record must contain the information formatted in the manner specified in the other law. (c) If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient. (d) The requirements of this section may not be varied by agreement, but: (1) To the extent a law other than this title requires information to be provided, sent, or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection (a) of this section that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention may also be varied by agreement; and (2) A requirement under a law other than this title to send, communicate, or transmit a record by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or by regular mail, may be varied by agreement to the extent permitted by the other law or by § 21-118.1 of this title.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-108

(a) (1) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. (2) The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable. (b) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection (a) of this section is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-109

If a change or error in an electronic record occurs in a transmission between parties to a transaction, the following rules apply: (1) If the parties have agreed to use a security procedure to detect changes or errors and one party has conformed to the procedure, but the other party has not, and the nonconforming party would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the changed or erroneous electronic record; (2) In an automated transaction involving an individual, the individual may avoid the effect of an electronic record that resulted from an error made by the individual in dealing with the electronic agent of another person if the electronic agent did not provide an opportunity for the prevention or correction of the error and, at the time the individual learns of the error, the individual: (i) Promptly notifies the other person of the error and that the individual did not intend to be bound by the electronic record received by the other person; (ii) Takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other person’s reasonable instructions, to return to the other person or, if instructed by the other person, to destroy the consideration received, if any, as a result of the erroneous electronic record; and (iii) Has not used or received any benefit or value from the consideration, if any, received from the other person; (3) If neither item (1) nor item (2) of this section applies, the change or error has the effect provided by other law, including the law of mistake, and the parties’ contract, if any; and (4) Items (2) and (3) of this section may not be varied by agreement.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-110

If a law requires a signature or record to be notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath, the requirement is satisfied if the electronic signature of the person authorized to perform those acts, together with all other information required to be included by other applicable law, is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-111

(a) If a law requires that a record be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record which: (1) Accurately reflects the information set forth in the record at the time it was first generated in its final form as an electronic record or otherwise; and (2) Remains accessible for later reference. (b) A requirement to retain a record in accordance with subsection (a) of this section does not apply to any information the sole purpose of which is to enable the record to be sent, communicated, or received. (c) A person may satisfy subsection (a) of this section by using the services of another person if the requirements of that subsection are satisfied. (d) If a law requires a record to be presented or retained in its original form, or provides consequences if the record is not presented or retained in its original form, that law is satisfied by an electronic record retained in accordance with subsection (a) of this section. (e) If a law requires retention of a check, that requirement is satisfied by retention of an electronic record of the information on the front and back of the check in accordance with subsection (a) of this section. (f) A record retained as an electronic record in accordance with subsection (a) of this section satisfies a law requiring a person to retain a record for evidentiary, audit, or similar purposes, unless a law enacted after the effective date of this title specifically prohibits the use of an electronic record for the specified purpose. (g) This section does not preclude a governmental agency of this State from specifying additional requirements for the retention of a record subject to the agency’s jurisdiction.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-113

In an automated transaction, the following rules apply: (1) A contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents’ actions or the resulting terms and agreements; (2) A contract may be formed by the interaction of an electronic agent and an individual, acting on the individual’s own behalf or for another person, including by an interaction in which the individual performs actions that the individual is free to refuse to perform and which the individual knows or has reason to know will cause the electronic agent to complete the transaction or performance; and (3) The terms of the contract are determined by the substantive law applicable to it.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-114

(a) Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when it: (1) Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record; (2) Is in a form capable of being processed by that system; and (3) Enters an information processing system outside the control of the sender or of a person that sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient. (b) Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is received when: (1) It enters an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record; and (2) It is in a form capable of being processed by that system. (c) Subsection (b) of this section applies even if the place where the information processing system is located is different from the place where the electronic record is deemed to be received under subsection (d) of this section. (d) Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent from the sender’s place of business and to be received at the recipient’s place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the following rules apply: (1) If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of that person is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction; and (2) If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender’s or recipient’s residence, as the case may be. (e) An electronic record is received under subsection (b) of this section even if no individual is aware of its receipt. (f) Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system described in subsection (b) of this section establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received. (g) (1) If a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under subsection (a) of this section, or purportedly received under subsection (b) of this section, was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law. (2) Except to the extent allowed by the other law, the requirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-115

(a) In this section, “transferable record” means an electronic record that: (1) Would be a note under Title 3 of this article or a document under Title 7 of this article if the electronic record were in writing; and (2) The issuer of the electronic record expressly has agreed is a transferable record. (b) A person has control of a transferable record if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the transferable record reliably establishes that person as the person to which the transferable record was issued or transferred. (c) A system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the transferable record satisfies subsection (b) of this section, and a person is deemed to have control of a transferable record, if the transferable record is created, stored, and assigned in such a manner that: (1) A single authoritative copy of the transferable record exists that is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in items (4), (5), and (6) of this subsection, unalterable; (2) The authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as: (i) The person to which the transferable record was issued; or (ii) If the authoritative copy indicates that the transferable record has been transferred, the person to which the transferable record was most recently transferred; (3) The authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the person asserting control or its designated custodian; (4) Copies or revisions that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the person asserting control; (5) Each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and (6) Any revision of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized. (d) (1) Except as otherwise agreed, a person having control of a transferable record is the holder, as defined in § 1-201(20) of this article, of the transferable record and has the same rights and defenses as a holder of an equivalent record or writing under the Maryland Uniform Commercial Code, including, if the applicable statutory requirements under § 3-302(a), § 7-501, or § 9-308 of this article are satisfied, the rights and defenses of a holder in due course, a holder to which a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated, or a purchaser, respectively. (2) Delivery, possession, and endorsement are not required to obtain or exercise any of the rights under this subsection. (e) Except as otherwise agreed, an obligor under a transferable record has the same rights and defenses as an equivalent obligor under equivalent records or writings under the Maryland Uniform Commercial Code. (f) (1) If requested by a person against which enforcement is sought, the person seeking to enforce the transferable record shall provide reasonable proof that the person is in control of the transferable record. (2) Proof may include access to the authoritative copy of the transferable record and related business records sufficient to review the terms of the transferable record and to establish the identity of the person having control of the transferable record.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-116

Each governmental agency of this State shall determine whether, and the extent to which, it will create and retain electronic records and convert written records to electronic records.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-117

(a) Except as otherwise provided in § 21-111(f) of this title, each governmental agency shall determine whether, and the extent to which, it will send and accept electronic records and electronic signatures to and from other persons and otherwise create, generate, communicate, store, process, use, and rely upon electronic records and electronic signatures. (b) To the extent a governmental agency uses electronic records and electronic signatures under subsection (a) of this section, the governmental agency, giving due consideration to security, may specify: (1) The manner and format in which the electronic records must be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, and stored and the systems established for those purposes; (2) The electronic records must be signed by electronic means, the type of electronic signature required, the manner and format in which the electronic signature must be affixed to the electronic record, and the identity of, or criteria that must be met by, any third party used by a person filing a document to facilitate the process; (3) Control processes and procedures as appropriate to ensure adequate preservation, disposition, integrity, security, confidentiality, and auditability of electronic records; and (4) Any other required attributes for electronic records which are specified for corresponding nonelectronic records or reasonably necessary under the circumstances. (c) Except as otherwise provided in § 21-111(f) of this title, this title does not require a governmental agency of this State to use or permit the use of electronic records or electronic signatures.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-118

(a) A governmental agency of this State that adopts standards in accordance with § 21-117 of this title may encourage and promote consistency and interoperability with similar requirements adopted by other governmental agencies of this State, other states, the federal government, and nongovernmental persons interacting with governmental agencies of this State. (b) If appropriate, those standards may specify differing levels of standards from which governmental agencies of this State may choose in implementing the most appropriate standard for a particular application. (c) Standards adopted by units of State government shall be consistent with those specified in the State Information Technology Master Plan.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-118.1

§21–118.1. (a) (1) In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. (2) “Electronic postmark certificate” means evidentiary proof, provided to the sender or recipient of an electronic record, that the electronic record: (i) Was postmarked by a postal authority with a valid electronic postmark on the date and time indicated; (ii) Was transmitted in a certain form on a specific date and time; and (iii) Was sent by the person indicated, to the person indicated, and on the date and time indicated. (3) “Postal authority” means: (i) The United States Postal Service or other national public or private mail delivery service that provides electronic postmarks; or (ii) A public or private entity that has the regulatory authority or legal responsibility for providing electronic postmarks. (b) Subject to § 21-117 of this title, a requirement under a law other than this title to send, communicate, or transmit a record by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or by regular mail is satisfied by an electronic record that: (1) Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated; (2) (i) Enters an information processing system that is outside the control of the sender; or (ii) Enters a region of an information processing system that is under the control of the recipient; (3) Is postmarked by a postal authority with an electronic postmark; and (4) Is authenticated by an electronic postmark certificate. (c) An electronic record is subject to the same legal protections as the United States mail if: (1) The electronic record meets the requirements of subsection (b) of this section; and (2) The postal authority that postmarked the electronic record under subsection (b)(3) of this section is the United States Postal Service. (d) This section does not authorize the use of an electronic postmark or electronic postmark certificate for the service of a summons, complaint, or other papers for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction over a defendant in a lawsuit.

Md. Code, Commercial Law § 21-119

If any provision of this title or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this title which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this title are severable.
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