TO RESEARCH, EVALUATE, ASSESS, AND TREAT (TREAT) ASTRONAUTS

14 C.F.R. Part 1241
in effectEffective: 2024-07-01

14 C.F.R. § 1241.05 Purpose and scope.

(a) This part establishes a program and sets out the eligibility requirements and procedures to effectuate section 443 of the “To Research, Evaluate, Assess, and Treat Astronauts Act of 2017.” (b) The purpose of this program is to provide medical monitoring and diagnosis of former U.S. Government astronauts and payload specialists for conditions the Administrator considers potentially associated with spaceflight and to provide treatment of former U.S. Government astronauts and payload specialists for conditions the Administrator considers associated with spaceflight.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.10 Covered medical care.

(a) Subject to the limitations in paragraph (b) of this section, an eligible individual, as defined in § 1241.15, is eligible for: (1) Monitoring and diagnosis for potentially spaceflight-associated conditions; and (2) Treatment for spaceflight-associated conditions. (b) Medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment authorized and described in paragraph (a) of this section will not be provided for any condition that is found by the NASA Administrator or designee to have resulted from a cause other than the eligible individual's participation in spaceflight-related activities. Should a condition be diagnosed that is not related to spaceflight, the individual will be referred to their primary care physician. (c) Medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment authorized and described in paragraph (a) of this section may be provided by a local health care provider if the NASA Administrator or designee determines it is unadvisable for the eligible individual to travel to the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) due to the individual's condition or if it is otherwise advantageous to the Government. (d) Medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment authorized and described in paragraph (a) of this section will be provided without a cost sharing obligation imposed on the eligible individual. (e) NASA is a secondary payer.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.15 Definitions.

Conditional Payment means a NASA payment to a medical provider or eligible individual to pay for the cost of medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Such conditional payments may be made prior to a formal determination that a psychological or medical condition is spaceflight-associated if payment has not been made or cannot reasonably be expected to be made promptly by the primary payer. Cost Sharing means a multiparty arrangement under which costs of a program are shared by the involved parties, according to an agreed upon formula. For this program, there is no cost sharing obligation by the eligible individual. The eligible individual is responsible for insurance premiums. Diagnosis means the identification of a medical or psychological condition consistent with the exercise of professional clinical judgment and accepted standard of care by licensed health professionals. Eligible Individual means a former United States Government astronaut, including a member of the Uniformed Services, or a former payload specialist who has flown in space, as defined in the TREAT Astronauts Act. The following individuals are specifically excluded from eligible individuals: (1) Astronauts of other United States Government agencies; (2) Employees of commercial spaceflight companies who were never employed by NASA nor a member of the Uniformed Services assigned to NASA; (3) International partner astronauts; (4) Employees of foreign governments; (5) Private individuals or tourists who have flown in space; and (6) Former astronauts, including members of the Uniformed Services, and former payload specialists who have not flown in space. JSC means Johnson Space Center. Monitoring means the NASA astronaut spaceflight exposure clinical assessment of medical and psychological health status by licensed health professionals. Payload Specialist means an individual other than a NASA astronaut (commander, pilot, and mission specialist) whose presence was required onboard the space shuttle vehicle to perform specialized functions with respect to operation of one or more payloads or other essential mission activities. Primary Payer means the entity, U.S. Government agency or private health insurer, which is responsible to make payment to the eligible individual first, up to the limits of its coverage or authority. Program means the medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment authorized by the TREAT Astronauts Act. Secondary Payer means the entity that pays after all primary payers have paid, up to the limits of their coverage. Secondary payments, as described in the TREAT Astronauts Act, are payments or reimbursement for the medical monitoring, diagnosis, or treatment secondary to any obligation of the U.S. Government or any third party under any other provision of law or contractual agreement to pay for or provide such medical monitoring, diagnosis, or treatment. Spaceflight-Associated Condition means a medical or psychological condition that the NASA Administrator or designee designated by the NASA Administrator determines is at least as likely as not to have resulted from participation in spaceflight-related activities. Treatment means the accepted standard of clinical care for a medical or psychological condition by licensed health professionals. TREAT Astronauts Act means section 443 of the “To Research, Evaluate, Assess, and Treat Astronauts Act of 2017.” TREAT Astronauts Act Board or TAAB means the internal NASA review board that provides recommendations to the NASA Administrator or designee as to whether or not a medical claim initiated by an eligible individual meets the standards for spaceflight association for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under the TREAT Astronauts Act. U.S. Government Agency means “agency” as defined in 5 U.S.C. 551.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.20 Eligibility.

(a) This section sets forth those persons who, by the provisions of the TREAT Astronauts Act, are eligible to participate in this program. A determination by the Administrator or designee that a person is eligible does not automatically entitle such a person to medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under the TREAT Astronauts Act. (b) Only eligible individuals defined in § 1241.15 are entitled to medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this part. (c) Participation in this program is strictly voluntary. NASA may not require an eligible individual to participate in this program.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.25 Basic program.

(a) General—(1) Scope. Subject to all applicable definitions, conditions, limitations, or exclusions specified in this part, NASA will provide medical monitoring and diagnosis of potentially spaceflight-associated conditions and treatment of a spaceflight-associated conditions, as well as any associated travel expenses for the eligible individual's lifetime. (2) Location of medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. (i) Medical monitoring will be provided for eligible individuals at the JSC. (ii) When travel is inadvisable due to the health of the eligible individual or when otherwise advantageous to the Government, monitoring may be provided at a location other than the JSC. (iii) Diagnosis and treatment will be provided for eligible individuals at locations determined by the medical appropriateness of the facility, patient preferences, cost effectiveness, and other pertinent factors. (3) Right to information. As a condition precedent to participation in this program, NASA is entitled to receive copies of medical records from any physician, hospital or other person, health insurance company, institution, or entity (including a local, state, or U.S. Government agency) providing medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment to the eligible individual for which claims or requests for approval for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment are submitted to NASA. As part of this condition precedent, NASA may require eligible individuals to complete such medical releases needed to facilitate obtaining such information as legally required by state and Federal law. (b) Monitoring and Diagnosis. NASA will provide monitoring and diagnosis for eligible individuals for conditions potentially associated with spaceflight. (1) Standardized monitoring will be offered routinely at the JSC. (2) Individualized monitoring will be provided, as necessary. (3) NASA may pay for and obtain autopsies of eligible individuals, who previously consented in writing or with consent of the next of kin, when such autopsy would contribute substantially to the knowledge of spaceflight physiology or pathology. NASA will coordinate with the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System for such autopsies. (c) Treatment. NASA will provide or arrange for the treatment of spaceflight-associated conditions. (1) Treatment will be secondary to any services provided by primary payers. (2) Should urgency dictate, NASA may provide for conditional payments for treatment. (d) Exclusions and limitations. In addition to any definitions, requirements, conditions, or limitations enumerated and described in other sections of this part, the following are specifically excluded: (1) Medical monitoring or diagnosis of an eligible individual for any medical or psychological condition that is not potentially associated with human spaceflight; and (2) Treatment of an eligible individual for any medical or psychological condition that is not associated with human spaceflight.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.30 Program participation and claims submission.

(a) General program participation. An eligible individual, or their authorized representative, who seek to participate in this program must provide the information set forth in paragraph (e)(2) of this section to NASA. The JSC Flight Medicine Clinic will assist eligible individuals through these processes. (b) NASA's occupationally related medical monitoring services. (1) Eligible individuals will receive an annual invitation from NASA to participate in NASA's occupational surveillance program; (2) [Reserved] (c) Primary payer coverage of diagnosis and treatment services. (1) Former Civil Servants. Eligible individuals who were civil servant employees during their active astronaut or payload specialist career who believe they have sustained a spaceflight-associated condition and are seeking coverage for medical treatment under this part must submit a notice of injury and claim for compensation through their agency to the Department of Labor, Office of the Workers' Compensation Programs Division of Federal Employees' Compensation (DFEC) consistent with 5 U.S.C. Chapter 81 and 20 CFR part 10 before making a claim under the TREAT Astronauts Act. (2) Members of the Uniformed Services. Eligible individuals who were members of the Uniformed Services during their active astronaut or payload specialist career, or who are otherwise determined to be eligible by their Uniformed Service and who believe they have sustained a spaceflight-associated condition must contact their Service to determine eligibility for health and dental care and/or coverage through the Military Health System of the Department of Defense, consistent with 10 U.S.C. Chapter 55 and 32 CFR part 199 before making a claim under the TREAT Astronauts Act. (3) Former Civil Servants who were also Members of the Uniformed Services. Eligible individuals whose active astronaut career spanned both military and civil service will first submit a notice to the Department of Labor who will work with the Department of Defense. (4) Eligible individuals with claims denied or partially covered. If the eligible individual's claim under paragraphs (c)(1), (2), or (3) of this section is either denied or covered only in part by the primary payer, the eligible individual can apply for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this program. (d) Diagnosis and Treatment or Other Benefits-Veterans. An eligible individual who is enrolled, or eligible to be enrolled, in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system may opt instead to seek his or her care and services through the VA. Under the TREAT Astronauts program, the eligible individual may seek reimbursement from NASA for any out-of-pocket copayment(s) he or she paid to VA for care of a condition that NASA determines is associated with spaceflight. The individual may also apply for disability compensation with the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Benefits Administration, pursuant to 38 CFR part 3. (e) Submitting claims for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this program—(1) Claim required. (i) No medical diagnosis and treatment may be extended under the TREAT Astronauts Act without submission of a complete claim form to the JSC Flight Medicine Clinic. (ii) NASA will provide specific forms appropriate for making a claim for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Claim forms may be obtained from the JSC Flight Medicine Clinic. Contact information can be found at: https://www.nasa.gov/hhp/treat-act. (2) Information required. Each claim for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this program will be in writing and include, at a minimum: (i) Statement of eligibility describing the employment and spaceflight history that justifies medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this program; (ii) History and diagnosis of medical or psychological condition; (iii) Medical documentation in support of the claim. Healthcare providers must be licensed and permitted to practice under state law and not be on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) List of Excluded Individuals and Entities, found at: https://healthdata.gov/dataset/list-excluded-individuals-and-entities; (iv) Documentation of the decisions and/or payments made by the primary payer (i.e., other U.S. Government agencies and/or private health insurer) regarding the claim; (v) Justification for determination that the psychological or medical condition is associated with spaceflight; (vi) Expenses for which they are seeking reimbursement, to include documentation of all out-of-pocket costs; and (vii) The signature of the eligible individual or their authorized representative. (3) Responsibility for perfecting claim. It is the responsibility of the eligible individual, authorized representative, or the authorized provider acting on behalf of the eligible individual to perfect a claim for submission. NASA will assist eligible individuals with claims submission, but is not authorized to prepare a claim on behalf of the eligible individual.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.35 Claims review and decisions.

(a) NASA will establish the TREAT Astronauts Act Board (TAAB) to review claims for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment under this program. This review is independent of any review conducted by primary payers. (b) The TAAB will review each claim submitted by the eligible individual, in consultation with specialists, as appropriate. A typical case will be reviewed within 30 calendar days, but cases that are more complex may take additional time. (c) The TAAB will make a recommendation to the Administrator or designee for each claim stating whether the condition is determined to be spaceflight associated. (d) For those eligible individuals who have had other exposures in addition to those experienced during their career as active U.S. Government astronauts or payload specialists, the TAAB will consider that history when making its recommendation. (e) The NASA Administrator or designee will review each claim and associated TAAB recommendation to determine whether the claim should be approved or denied. A typical case can be reviewed within 30 calendar days, but cases that are more complex may take additional time. (f) The decision will be provided to the eligible individual within seven calendar days of the final decision by the NASA Administrator or designee. Decisions not in favor of the eligible individual will include information on how to request reconsideration. (g) An eligible individual or their authorized representative may request reconsideration of the decision at any time if new information is obtained that enhances the claim. Reconsideration requests can be made to the JSC Flight Medicine Clinic. (h) Requests for reconsideration are reviewed by the TAAB and decisions made by the Administrator or designee, following the same process described in paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.40 Payment of approved claims.

(a) The NASA Administrator or designee is responsible for ensuring that medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment to eligible individuals under this program is paid only to the extent described in this part. (b) Payment for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment is applied secondarily to primary payers and may include the remaining out-of-pocket costs from primary payer coverage. (c) NASA will pay necessary travel expenses related to this program consistent with the Federal Travel Regulations. (d) NASA may provide conditional payments for medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment that is obligated to be paid by the U.S. Government or other primary payers prior to a final decision by NASA in accordance with § 1241.35. Such requests for conditional payments can be made to JSC Flight Medicine Clinic. Such payments are permitted when payment for such medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment has either not been made or will not be made promptly. (1) NASA may seek to recover costs associated with conditional payments from the U.S. Government, private health insurance company, or other primary payer as allowable by law. (2) If the claim is denied in accordance with § 1241.35, NASA may seek to recover such conditional payments from the eligible individual in accordance with 31 U.S.C. Chapter 37.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.45 Collaboration with other agencies.

Copies of records generated from medical monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment collected by primary payer facilities and/or relevant health care providers will be acquired by NASA. NASA will collaborate with the Department of Defense Military Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs, and Department of Labor Office of Workers' Compensation and other entities for acquisition of copies of these medical records as allowed by law.

14 C.F.R. § 1241.50 Records, confidentiality, privacy, and data use.

(a) Records on individuals created or obtained pursuant to this regulation that are subject to the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended, 5 U.S.C. 552a, will be maintained in accordance with the NASA's Privacy Act System of Records. (b) NASA will, as necessary, enter into data sharing agreements with other agencies and/or entities to receive such data and/or seek signed medical releases from the eligible individuals, or their authorized representatives, in accordance with law. (c) NASA's collection, use, and disclosure of this data will be in accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974, NASA's implementing regulations at 14 CFR part 1212, and NASA's privacy policies, where applicable.

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