N.J. Stat. tit. 3B, ch. 1

in effect

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-1 Definitions A to H.

3B:1-1. As used in this title, unless otherwise defined: "Administrator" includes general administrators of an intestate and unless restricted by the subject or context, administrators with the will annexed, substituted administrators, substituted administrators with the will annexed, temporary administrators and administrators pendente lite. "Beneficiary," as it relates to trust beneficiaries, includes a person who has any present or future interest, vested or contingent, and also includes the owner of an interest by assignment or other transfer and as it relates to a charitable trust, and includes any person entitled to enforce the trust. "Child" means any individual, including a natural or adopted child, entitled to take by intestate succession from the parent whose relationship is involved and excludes any individual who is only a stepchild, a resource family child, a grandchild or any more remote descendant. "Claims" include liabilities whether arising in contract, or in tort or otherwise, and liabilities of the estate which arise at or after the death of the decedent, including funeral expenses and expenses of administration, but does not include estate or inheritance taxes, demands or disputes regarding title to specific assets alleged to be included in the estate. "Cofiduciary" means each of two or more fiduciaries jointly serving in a fiduciary capacity. "Descendant" of an individual means all of his progeny of all generations, with the relationship of parent and child at each generation being determined by the definition of child contained in this section and parent contained in N.J.S.3B:1-2. "Devise," when used as a noun, means a testamentary disposition of real or personal property and when used as a verb, means to dispose of real or personal property by will. "Devisee" means any person designated in a will to receive a devise. In the case of a devise to an existing trust or trustee, or to a trustee of a trust described by will, the trust or trustee is the devisee and the beneficiaries are not devisees. "Distributee" means any person who has received property of a decedent from his personal representative other than as a creditor or purchaser. A trustee is a distributee only to the extent of a distributed asset or increment thereto remaining in his hands. A beneficiary of a trust to whom the trustee has distributed property received from a personal representative is a distributee of the personal representative. "Domestic partner" means a domestic partner as defined in section 3 of P.L.2003, c.246 (C.26:8A-3). "Domiciliary foreign fiduciary" means any fiduciary who has received letters, or has been appointed, or is authorized to act as a fiduciary, in the jurisdiction in which the decedent was domiciled at the time of his death, in which the ward is domiciled or in which is located the principal place of the administration of a trust. "Estate" means all of the property of a decedent, minor or incapacitated individual, trust or other person whose affairs are subject to this title as the property is originally constituted and as it exists from time to time during administration. "Fiduciary" includes executors, general administrators of an intestate estate, administrators with the will annexed, substituted administrators, substituted administrators with the will annexed, guardians, substituted guardians, trustees, substituted trustees and, unless restricted by the subject or context, temporary administrators, administrators pendente lite, administrators ad prosequendum, administrators ad litem and other limited fiduciaries. "Governing instrument" means a deed, will, trust, insurance or annuity policy, account with the designation "pay on death" (POD) or "transfer on death" (TOD), security registered in beneficiary form with the designation "pay on death" (POD) or "transfer on death" (TOD), pension, profit-sharing, retirement or similar benefit plan, instrument creating or exercising a power of appointment or a power of attorney, or a dispositive, appointive, or nominative instrument of any similar type. "Guardian" means a person who has qualified as a guardian of the person or estate of a minor or incapacitated individual pursuant to testamentary or court appointment, but excludes one who is merely a guardian ad litem. "Heirs" means those persons, including, but not limited to, the surviving spouse, the domestic partner and the descendants of the decedent, who are entitled under the statutes of intestate succession to the property of a decedent. L.1981, c.405, s.3B:1-1, eff. May 1, 1982; amended 1997, c.379, s.2; 2004, c.130, s.15; 2004, c.132, s.1; 2005, c.331, s.1.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-2 Definitions I to Z.

3B:1-2. "Incapacitated individual" means an individual who is impaired by reason of mental illness or intellectual disability to the extent that the individual lacks sufficient capacity to govern himself and manage the individual's affairs. The term incapacitated individual is also used to designate an individual who is impaired by reason of physical illness or disability, substance use disorder, or other cause (except minority) to the extent that the individual lacks sufficient capacity to govern himself and manage the individual's affairs. The terms incapacity and incapacitated refer to the state or condition of an incapacitated individual as hereinbefore defined. "Intellectual disability" means a significant subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior which are manifested during the development period. "Issue" of an individual means a descendant as defined in N.J.S.3B:1-1. "Joint tenants with the right of survivorship" means co-owners of property held under circumstances that entitle one or more to the whole of the property on the death of the other or others, but excludes forms of co-ownership in which the underlying ownership of each party is in proportion to that party's contribution. "Local administration" means administration by a personal representative appointed in this State. "Local fiduciary" means any fiduciary who has received letters in this State and excludes foreign fiduciaries who acquire the power of local fiduciary pursuant to this title. "Minor" means an individual who is under 18 years of age. "Nonresident decedent" means a decedent who was domiciled in another jurisdiction at the time of death. "Parent" means any person entitled to take or who would be entitled to take if the child, natural or adopted, died without a will, by intestate succession from the child whose relationship is in question and excludes any person who is a stepparent, resource family parent, or grandparent. "Per capita." If a governing instrument requires property to be distributed "per capita," the property is divided to provide equal shares for each of the takers, without regard to their shares or the right of representation. "Payor" means a trustee, insurer, business entity, employer, government, governmental agency or subdivision, or any other person authorized or obligated by law or a governing instrument to make payments. "Person" means an individual or an organization. "Per Stirpes." If a governing instrument requires property to be distributed "per stirpes," the property is divided into as many equal shares as there are: (1) surviving children of the designated ancestor; and (2) deceased children who left surviving descendants. Each surviving child is allocated one share. The share of each deceased child with surviving descendants is divided in the same manner, with subdivision repeating at each succeeding generation until the property is fully allocated among surviving descendants. "Personal representative" includes executor, administrator, successor personal representative, special administrator, and persons who perform substantially the same function under the law governing their status. "General personal representative" excludes special administrator. "Representation; Per Capita at Each Generation." If an applicable statute or a governing instrument requires property to be distributed "by representation" or "per capita at each generation," the property is divided into as many equal shares as there are: (1) surviving descendants in the generation nearest to the designated ancestor which contains one or more surviving descendants; and (2) deceased descendants in the same generation who left surviving descendants, if any. Each surviving descendant in the nearest generation is allocated one share. The remaining shares, if any, are combined and then divided in the same manner among the surviving descendants of the deceased descendants, as if the surviving descendants who were allocated a share and their surviving descendants had predeceased the designated ancestor. "Resident creditor" means a person domiciled in, or doing business in this State, who is, or could be, a claimant against an estate. "Security" includes any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, mortgage, financing statement, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under the title or lease, collateral, trust certificate, transferable share, voting trust certificate or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a security or as a security interest or any certificate of interest or participation, any temporary or interim certificate, receipt or certificate of deposit for, or any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing. "Stepchild" means a child of the surviving, deceased, or former spouse who is not a child of the decedent. "Successor personal representative" means a personal representative, other than a special administrator, who is appointed to succeed a previously appointed personal representative. "Successors" means those persons, other than creditors, who are entitled to real and personal property of a decedent under a decedent's will or the laws governing intestate succession. "Testamentary trustee" means a trustee designated by will or appointed to exercise a trust created by will. "Testator" includes an individual and means male or female. "Trust" includes any express trust, private or charitable, with additions thereto, wherever and however created. It also includes a trust created by judgment under which the trust is to be administered in the manner of an express trust. "Trust" excludes other constructive trusts, and it excludes resulting trusts, guardianships, personal representatives, trust accounts created under the "Multiple-party Deposit Account Act," P.L.1979, c.491 (C.17:16I-1 et seq.), gifts to minors under the "New Jersey Uniform Gifts to Minors Act," P.L.1963, c.177 (C.46:38-13 et seq.), or the "New Jersey Uniform Transfers to Minors Act," R.S.46:38A-1 et seq., business trusts providing for certificates to be issued to beneficiaries, common trusts, security arrangements, liquidation trusts, and trusts for the primary purpose of paying debts, dividends, interest, salaries, wages, profits, pensions or employee benefits of any kind, and any arrangement under which a person is nominee or escrowee for another. "Trustee" includes an original, additional or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by court. "Ward" means an individual for whom a guardian is appointed or an individual under the protection of the court. "Will" means the last will and testament of a testator or testatrix and includes any codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor, revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of a person or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession. amended 1997, c.379, s.3; 2004, c.130, s.16; 2004, c.132, s.2; 2005, c.160, s.1; 2013, c.103, s.21; 2023, c.177, s.12.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-3 Devolution of property upon death.

3B:1-3. Upon the death of an individual, his real and personal property devolves to the persons to whom it is devised by his will or to those indicated as substitutes for them in cases involving lapse, renunciation, or other circumstances affecting the devolution of testate estates, or in the absence of testamentary disposition, to his heirs, or to those indicated as substitutes for them in cases involving renunciation or other circumstances affecting devolution of intestate estates, subject to rights of creditors and to administration. L.1981, c.405, s.3B:1-3, eff. May 1, 1982; amended 2004, c.132, s.3.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-4 Contractual arrangements relating to death

A contract to make a will or devise, or not to revoke a will or devise, or to die intestate, if executed after September 1, 1978, can be established only by (1) provisions of a will stating material provisions of the contract; (2) an express reference in a will to a contract and extrinsic evidence proving the terms of the contract; or (3) a writing signed by the decedent evidencing the contract. The execution of a joint will or mutual wills does not create a presumption of a contract not to revoke the will or wills. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-4, eff. May 1, 1982.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-5 Effect upon vested rights and remedies

The repeal of any sections, acts or parts of acts by the enactment of this title shall not affect any right now vested in any person pursuant to any sections, acts or parts of acts so repealed, nor any remedy where an action or proceeding thereunder has been instituted and is pending on the effective date of this title. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-5, eff. May 1, 1982.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-6 Law governing rights, duties and powers of fiduciaries

The provisions of this title shall govern the rights, duties and powers of successors and fiduciaries relating to the administration of all estates except that the validity and propriety of all acts done by a fiduciary and all rights established in successors prior to September 1, 1978, shall be determined under the law as then in effect. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-6, eff. May 1, 1982.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-7 Exclusion of property passing to a testamentary trustee other than by devise from rights of personal representative or creditors of decedent

Property passing to a testamentary trustee other than by devise shall not be subject to rights of, powers of or to administration by a personal representative or to rights of creditors to any extent beyond that to which it would otherwise be if the testamentary trust was an inter vivos trust. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-7, eff. May 1, 1982.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-8 Application of title to wills

The provisions of this title shall apply to any wills of decedents dying on or after September 1, 1978. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-8, eff. May 1, 1982.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-8.1 Applicability of act.

23. The provisions of P.L.2004, c. 132 and P.L.2005, c.160 (C.3B:1-8.1 et al.) shall apply to any decedent dying on or after February 27, 2005. L.2005,c.160,s.23.

N.J. Stat. § 3B:1-9 Effect of fraud and evasion

Whenever fraud has been perpetrated in connection with any proceeding or in any statement filed under this title or if fraud is used to avoid or circumvent the provisions or purposes of this title, any person injured thereby may obtain appropriate relief against the perpetrator of the fraud or restitution from any person (other than a bona fide purchaser or lender) benefitting from the fraud, whether innocent or not. Any proceeding must be commenced within 2 years after the discovery of the fraud, but no proceeding may be brought against one not a perpetrator of the fraud later than 5 years after the time of commission of the fraud. This section has no bearing on remedies relating to fraud practiced on a decedent during his lifetime which affects the succession of his estate. L.1981, c. 405, s. 3B:1-9, eff. May 1, 1982.

Source: Open US Law by Vaquill AI (CC BY 4.0)URL: https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislative-activity/statutesFetched: 10/17/2026